The rapid technological developments of the past decade and the changes in echocardiographic practice brought about by these developments have resulted in the need for updated recommendations to the previously published guidelines for cardiac chamber quantification, which was the goal of the joint writing group assembled by the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. This document provides updated normal values for all four cardiac chambers, including three-dimensional echocardiography and myocardial deformation, when possible, on the basis of considerably larger numbers of normal subjects, compiled from multiple databases. In addition, this document attempts to eliminate several minor discrepancies that existed between previously published guidelines.

The rapid technological developments of the past decade and the changes in echocardiographic practice brought about by these developments have resulted in the need for updated recommendations to the previously published guidelines for cardiac chamber quantification, which was the goal of the joint writing group assembled by the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. This document provides updated normal values for all four cardiac chambers, including three-dimensional echocardiography and myocardial deformation, when possible, on the basis of considerably larger numbers of normal subjects, compiled from multiple databases. In addition, this document attempts to eliminate several minor discrepancies that existed between previously published guidelines.

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Due to the aging and increasingly complex nature of our patients, frailty has become a high-priority theme in cardiovascular medicine. Despite the recognition of frailty as a pivotal element in the evaluation of older adults with cardiovascular disease (CVD), there has yet to be a road map to facilitate its adoption in routine clinical practice. Thus, we sought to synthesize the existing body of evidence and offer a perspective on how to integrate frailty into clinical practice. Frailty is a biological syndrome that reflects a state of decreased physiological reserve and vulnerability to stressors. Upward of 20 frailty assessment tools have been developed, with most tools revolving around the core phenotypic domains of frailty—slow walking speed, weakness, inactivity, exhaustion, and shrinking—as measured by physical performance tests and questionnaires. The prevalence of frailty ranges from 10% to 60%, depending on the CVD burden, as well as the tool and cutoff chosen to define frailty. Epidemiological studies have consistently demonstrated that frailty carries a relative risk of >2 for mortality and morbidity across a spectrum of stable CVD, acute coronary syndromes, heart failure, and surgical and transcatheter interventions. Frailty contributes valuable prognostic insights incremental to existing risk models and assists clinicians in defining optimal care pathways for their patients. Interventions designed to improve outcomes in frail elders with CVD such as multidisciplinary cardiac rehabilitation are being actively tested. Ultimately, frailty should not be viewed as a reason to withhold care but rather as a means of delivering it in a more patient-centered fashion.

Gait speed is a simple and effective test that may identify a subset of vulnerable elderly patients at incrementally higher risk of mortality and major morbidity after cardiac surgery.

Divulgação do autor: Os autores desse artigo não relataram nenhum conflito de interesse atual ou potencial em relação a essa atividade. Os autores e revisores RVT, FASE; Farooq A. Chaudhry, MD, FASE; Robert T. Eberhardt, MD; Benjamin W. Eidem, MD, FASE; Gregory J.Ensing, MD, FASE; Tal Geva, MD, FASE; Kathryn E. Glas, MD, FASE; Sandra Hagen-Ansert, RDCS, RDMS,MS, FASE; Rebecca T. Hahn, MD, FASE; Jeannie Heirs, RDCS; Shunichi Homma, MD; Sanjiv Kaul, MD,FASE; Smadar Kort, MD, FASE; Peg Knoll, RDCS, FASE; Wyman Lai, MD, MPH, FASE; Roberto M. Lang,MD, FASE; Steven Lavine, MD; Steven J. Lester, MD, FASE; Renee Margossian, MD; Victor Mor-Avi,PhD, FASE; Sherif Nagueh, MD, FASE; Alan S. Pearlman, MD, FASE; Patricia A. Pellikka, MD, FASE; MiguelQuinones, MD, FASE; Brad Roberts, RCS, RDCS; Beverly Smulevitz, BS, RDCS, RVS; Kirk T. Spencer,MD, FASE; J. Geoffrey Stevenson, MD, FASE; Wadea Tarhuni, MD, FASE; James D. Thomas, MD; Neil J.Weissman, MD, FASE; Timothy Woods, MD; and William A. Zoghbi, MD, FASE. Os

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