No abstract

We describe the Pan-STARRS Moving Object Processing System (MOPS), a modern software package that produces automatic asteroid discoveries and identifications from catalogs of transient detections from next-generation astronomical survey telescopes. MOPS achieves > 99.5% efficiency in producing orbits from a synthetic but realistic population of asteroids whose measurements were simulated for a Pan-STARRS4-class telescope. Additionally, using a non-physical grid population, we demonstrate that MOPS can detect populations of currently unknown objects such as interstellar asteroids. MOPS has been adapted successfully to the prototype Pan-STARRS1 telescope despite differences in expected false detection rates, fill-factor loss and relatively sparse observing cadence compared to a hypothetical Pan-STARRS4 telescope and survey. MOPS remains >99.5% efficient at detecting objects on a single night but drops to 80% efficiency at producing orbits for objects detected on multiple nights. This loss is primarily due to configurable MOPS processing limits that are not yet tuned for the Pan-STARRS1 mission. The core MOPS software package is the product of more than 15 person-years of software development and incorporates countless additional years of effort in third-party software to perform lower-level functions such as spatial searching or orbit determination. We describe the high-level design of MOPS and essential subcomponents, the suitability of MOPS for other survey programs, and suggest a road map for future MOPS development.Comment: 57 Pages, 26 Figures, 13 Table

No abstract

Using the most recent prototypes, design, and as-built system information, we test and quantify the capability of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) to discover Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs) and Near-Earth Objects (NEOs). We empirically estimate an expected upper limit to the false detection rate in LSST image differencing, using measurements on DECam data and prototype LSST software and find it to be about 450 deg −2 . We show that this rate is already tractable with current prototype of the LSST Moving Object Processing System (MOPS) by processing a 30-day simulation consistent with measured false detection rates. We proceed to evaluate the performance of the LSST baseline survey strategy for PHAs and NEOs using a high-fidelity simulated survey pointing history. We find that LSST alone, using its baseline survey strategy, will detect 66% of the PHA and 61% of the NEO population objects brighter than H = 22, with the uncertainty in the estimate of ±5 percentage points. By generating and examining variations on the baseline survey strategy, we show it is possible to further improve the discovery yields. In particular, we find that extending the LSST survey by two additional years and doubling the MOPS search window increases the completeness for PHAs to 86% (including those discovered by contemporaneous surveys) without jeopardizing other LSST science goals (77% for NEOs). This equates to reducing the undiscovered population of PHAs by additional 26% (15% for NEOs), relative to the baseline survey.-3the Ecliptic, at the faint fluxes probed by LSST, is a few arcminutes (object counts are dominated by main-belt asteroids). Typical asteroid motion during several days is larger (of the order a degree or more) and thus, without additional information, detections of individual objects are "scrambled". However, with two detections per night, the motion vector can be estimated. The motion vector makes the linking problem much easier because positions from one night can be approximately extrapolated to future (or past) nights. The predicted position's uncertainty is typically of the order of several arcminutes, rather than a degree, which effectively "de-scrambles" detections from different nights (for a detailed discussion of this algorithm, see Kubica et al. 2007 as well as Appendix A for a theoretical derivation of expected scalings).Early simulations of LSST performance presented by Ivezić et al. (2007) showed that the 10-year baseline cadence would result in 75% completeness for PHAs greater than 140 m (more precisely, for PHAs with H < 22). They also suggested that with additional optimizations of the observing cadence, LSST could achieve 90% completeness. An example of such an optimization was discussed by Ivezić et al. (2008) who reported that, to reach 90% completeness, about 15% of observing time would have to be dedicated to NEOs, and the survey would have to run for 12 years. More recently, estimates of LSST yields have been revisited by Grav et al. (2016) (predicted PHA completeness of 62% fo...