The performance of 4 forms of a 4:3 polyrhythm by 3 experienced percussionists using a synchronous protocol was examined. The percussionists were able to selectively apply different production models to their performance, and the authors show that these can be systematically elaborated in cognitive terms using structural equation modeling. All models were found to be variants of a general hierarchical standard model, which is based on a clock pulse, motor delay variables, subdivision variables, and certain basic covariance assumptions. Size of cognitive ground (fundamental clock pulse) was the primary variable affecting production; control processes were predominantly hand independent. The ground-associated hand showed better accuracy and consistency than the nonground (figure) hand for withinhand intervals. In contrast, ground hand motor delay variances were larger than corresponding figure hand variances.

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