Opsomming Kaaps is een van die oudste variëteite van Afrikaans wat sedert die sewentiende eeu aan die Kaap gepraat is en is vandag steeds die taal van die bruin werkersklas in die Kaapse Skiereiland. Alhoewel dit hoofsaaklik as ʼn gesproke variëteit gebruik word, word dit ook aangewend in die letterkunde. Dis veral die gebruik van Kaaps in die digkuns en drama van Adam Small wat Kaaps help vestig het in die Afrikaanse literatuur en ʼn nuutgevonde belangsteling in dié variëteit van Afrikaans gebring het. Vandag vind Kaaps neerslag in die teater, musiek, televisie, radio en die gedrukte media. Die doel van die studie is om die gebruik van Kaaps in die poniekoerant Son te ondersoek. Die studie wil bepaal tot watter mate Kaaps in die Son-artikels gebruik word en tot watter mate diglossie voorkom in Son deur die gebruik van Kaaps en Standaardafrikaans in een artikel of binne een uitgawe van Son. Die taalvariasie in Son word vanuit ʼn sosiolinguistiese raamwerk ondersoek as verteenwoordigend van Kaapse Afrikaans. Binne die raamwerk word taal binne die sosiale konteks waarbinne dit voorkom ondersoek. ʼn Gelykevlakbenadering tot taalvariasie word gevolg waar Kaaps beskou word as deel van die spektrum van Afrikaans en nie as ondergeskik tot die standaardvariëteit nie. Son is die eerste Afrikaanse poniekoerant in Suid-Afrika en die eerste koerant wat ʼn informele vorm van Afrikaans gebruik wat deur sommige beskou word as Kaaps. Die doel van die studie is om die taalgebruik in Son te ondersoek in ʼn poging om te bepaal tot watter mate die taalgebruik in Son ʼn getroue weerspieëling van Kaaps is en tot watter mate dit ooreenstem met die taalgebruik van die sprekers van Kaaps. Die ondersoek word gedoen deur ʼn teksanalise van Son-artikels uit verskillende uitgawes van Son. Die bevinding van die studie is dat die taalgebruik in Son nie beskou kan word as ʼn ware weerspieëling van Kaaps nie, maar eerder as ʼn informele Afrikaans wat elemente van Kaaps bevat.
This study investigated the hypothesis that neural markers associated with arbitrary decision-making are present in higher order, deliberate decisions. Furthermore, the study aimed to investigate the effect of higher order decision content on neurophysiological markers such as the readiness potential and the P300 potential. An experiment was designed to measure, evaluate, and compare these electroencephalographic potentials under both arbitrary and deliberate choice conditions. Participants were presented with legal cases and had to convict and acquit criminal offenders. Distinct readiness potentials and P300 potentials were observed for both arbitrary and deliberate decisions across all participants. These findings support the hypothesis that the readiness potential and the P300 potential are present in the neurophysiological data for higher order deliberate decisions. The study also showed initial findings of how the readiness potential may inherently relate to decision content. Increased readiness potential amplitudes were observed for participants with previous exposure to violent crime when they had to acquit or convict criminals accused of violent crimes.
This study investigated the hypothesis that neural markers associated with arbitrary decision-making are present in higher order, deliberate decisions. Furthermore, the study aimed to investigate the effect of higher order decision content on neurophysiological markers such as the late readiness potential and the P300 potential. An experiment was designed to measure, evaluate, and compare these electroencephalographic potentials under both arbitrary and deliberate choice conditions. Participants were presented with legal cases and had to convict and acquit criminal offenders. Distinct readiness potentials and P300 potentials were observed for both arbitrary and deliberate decisions across all participants. These findings support the hypothesis that the readiness potential and the P300 potential are present in the neurophysiological data for higher order deliberate decisions. The study also showed initial findings of how the readiness potential may inherently relate to decision content. Increased readiness potential amplitudes were observed for participants with previous exposure to violent crime when they had to acquit or convict criminals accused of violent crimes.
Binocular rivalry is the perceptual dominance of one visual stimulus over another. Conventionally, binocular rivalry is induced using a mirror-stereoscope—a setup involving mirrors oriented at an angle to a display. The respective mirror planes fuse competing visual stimuli in the observer’s visual field by projecting the stimuli through the stereoscope to the observed visual field. Since virtual-reality head-mounted displays fuse dichoptic vision in a similar way, and since virtual-reality head-mounted displays are more versatile and more readily available than mirror stereoscopes, this study investigated the efficacy of using a virtual-reality headset (Oculus Rift-S) as an alternative to using a mirror stereoscope to study binocular rivalry. To evaluate the validity of using virtual-reality headsets to induce visual dominance/suppression, two identical experimental sequences—one using a conventional mirror stereoscope and one using a virtual-reality headset—were compared and evaluated. The study used Gabor patches at different orientations to induce binocular rivalry and to evaluate the efficacy of the two experiments. Participants were asked to record all instances of perceptual dominance (complete suppression) and non-dominance (incomplete suppression). Independent sample t-tests confirmed that binocular rivalry with stable vergence was successfully induced for the mirror-stereoscope experiment (t = −4.86; p ≤ 0.0001) and the virtual-reality experiment (t = −9.41; p ≤ 0.0001). Using ANOVA to compare Gabor patch pairs of gratings at +45°/−45° orientations presented in both visual fields, gratings at 0°/90° orientations presented in both visual fields, and mixed gratings (i.e., unconventional grating pairs) presented in both visual fields, the performance of the two experiments was evaluated by comparing observation duration in seconds (F = 0.12; p = 0.91) and the alternation rate per trial (F = 8.1; p = 0.0005). The differences between the stimulus groups were not statistically significant for the observation duration but were significantly different based on the alternation rates per trial. Moreover, ANOVA also showed that the dominance durations (F = 114.1; p < 0.0001) and the alternation rates (F = 91.6; p < 0.0001) per trial were significantly different between the mirror-stereoscope and the virtual-reality experiments, with the virtual-reality experiment showing an increase in alternation rate and a decrease in observation duration. The study was able to show that a virtual-reality head-mounted display can be used as an effective and novel alternative to induce binocular rivalry, but there were some differences in visual bi-stability between the two methods. This paper discusses the experimental measures taken to minimise piecemeal rivalry and to evaluate perceptual dominance between the two experimental designs.
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