We identified nine patients from four unrelated families harboring three biallelic variants in SCN1B (NM_001037.5: c.136C>T; p.[Arg46Cys], c.178C>T; p.[Arg60Cys], and c.472G>A; p.[Val158Met]). All subjects presented with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy 52 (EIEE52), a rare, severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathy featuring infantile onset refractory seizures followed by developmental stagnation or regression. Because SCN1B influences neuronal excitability through modulation of voltage‐gated sodium (NaV) channel function, we examined the effects of human SCN1BR46C (β1R46C), SCN1BR60C (β1R60C), and SCN1BV158M (β1V158M) on the three predominant brain NaV channel subtypes NaV1.1 (SCN1A), NaV1.2 (SCN2A), and NaV1.6 (SCN8A). We observed a shift toward more depolarizing potentials of conductance–voltage relationships (NaV1.2/β1R46C, NaV1.2/β1R60C, NaV1.6/β1R46C, NaV1.6/β1R60C, and NaV1.6/β1V158M) and channel availability (NaV1.1/β1R46C, NaV1.1/β1V158M, NaV1.2/β1R46C, NaV1.2/β1R60C, and NaV1.6/β1V158M), and detected a slower recovery from fast inactivation for NaV1.1/β1V158M. Combined with modeling data indicating perturbation‐induced structural changes in β1, these results suggest that the SCN1B variants reported here can disrupt normal NaV channel function in the brain, which may contribute to EIEE52.
A hydrotalcite-based PdZn nanoparticle catalyst, PdZn/MgIJAl)IJPd)IJZn)O x has been synthesized via a onepot procedure. The activation comprising H 2 and air treatmentIJs) allows tuning the nanoparticle formation and, hence, the catalyst performance. Based on an elaborate set of characterization data from EXAFS, in situ XRD, STEM and CO chemisorption, it is concluded that single reduction leads to the formation of Pdrich alloy nanoparticles, i.e., a PdZn shell with a Pd core. Cycled reduction, i.e., 3 subsequent hydrogen and air treatments, ensures the formation of more homogeneously mixed PdZn nanoparticles. Compared with a PdZn/ZnO reference catalyst, the nanoparticles obtained after cycled reduction exhibit a higher initial average turnover frequency in ethanol dehydrogenation, i.e., 7.0 molEtOH (mol Pd s) −1 rather than 3.2 molEtOH (mol Pd s). An activity loss is observed during the first hours on stream. It is attributed to coking of the Pd sites which are also deemed responsible for acetaldehyde decomposition. Hence, the acetaldehyde selectivity steadily increases during the first hours on stream. Subsequently, the acetaldehyde space time yield and selectivity stabilize at 0.7 × 10 −4 mol s −1 kg
−1Pd and 98%, respectively.
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