The article aims to discuss current research trends in the field of Distance Learning (DL). It consists of the following parts: (1) the definitions and characteristics of DL; (2) current directions of research in the field of DL, among others: measuring transactional distance in Web-Based Learning Environments, Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in DL, development of learning content and the task for MOOCs, effects of online course efficiency perceptions on Student Evaluation of Teaching (SET) measures, new technologies for the DL, the use of metacognitive and affective model Self-Regulated Learning (MASRL), questionnaire (Constructivist Learning on a Scale Higher Settings of Education [CLHES]) as a method of research of constructivist learning environment in higher education, Transactional Distance (TD) theory in DL and online community culture; (3) summary and conclusions with a particular focus on the use of DL methods in higher education. The article is based on the study of literature registered in the databases ERIC, LISA, and LISTA.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to find a structure of information expressed in signs. Analysis shows that the arrow of time must be included in its constituent elements. Design/methodology/approach – The objective was achieved by discussing some important concepts of sign, both philosophical and semiotic. The results were then applied to a case study and also referred to collecting, searching and processing information. Findings – The results of the research are as follows: a sign structure useful for information science is composed of five elements: the sign itself, the sender of an information's content, the recipient of the information's content, a context in which a sign appears and a situation (or an object) in reality to which a sign refers. The place of the arrow of time is in the element called a context. Research limitations/implications – Further research should concentrate on the following subjects: the active or passive role of a person in sign-situations; and the sign as a subjective/objective entity. Practical implications – Such a solution seems to be useful in the area of information science. Originality/value – Two new ideas have appeared in this paper: the five-element conception of sign with a place for the arrow of time; and applying this idea into an analysis case study and research on collecting, searching and processing information.

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Creativity is a desirable feature of everyone, both in the professional and private spheres, and is increasingly recognised one of the core competences in the 21 st century. An individual's creativity can also be enhanced by various forms of artificial intelligence. The aim of the article is to present and examine the common characteristics of human creativity and artificial creativity (Computational, 2022). The study is based on the analysis of the literature on the subject registered in selected databases: ERIC and Web of Science. The article is divided into three parts. The first part discusses the concept and presents current research results on creativity competences. The second part characterises individual creativity and artificial creativity (Computational, 2022) and presents selected examples. In the third part, the competences of an individual are compared with artificial creativity (Computational, 2022). In particular, the following issues are addressed: (1) to what extent man and his creativity become models for the creators of AI solutions and (2) how these solutions can be used in modern education. The results of the research are presented at the end of the article.

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