The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the activities of the European Space Agency (ESA) make a significant contribution to the security of the European Union. Initially, neither the ESA's activities nor the original objectives for which it was established were connected with security issues. The ESA evolved from an international intergovernmental organization focused on the exploration and use of space for peaceful purposes into a major player with a significant impact on the security of the EU. The presumption made by this paper is that in order for this evolution to be possible, both the ESA and the EU have had to go a long way to find common ground and forms of possible cooperation, preceded by the required political and programmatic changes. For the EU, which was relatively late in taking an interest in space and its importance for security, space policy became a separate policy only under the Lisbon Treaty. At that time the EU granted to itself (shared) powers in this area. The paper will identify the most important reasons for and stages of this evolution, as expressed in policy documents. As this is still an ongoing process, remaining obstacles to the optimal use of the potential of both organizations to strengthen the security of the European Union will be identified. The paper was created on the basis of the descriptive method, analysis of the content of documents and synthesis.Since the beginning of the space age, space technologies have become very popular, to such an extent that today it is difficult to imagine our world without them. This applies to technologies used for both civilian and military purposes. Both the former and the latter serve, or may serve, to ensure security, but also may pose a serious threat, due to the increasing dependence of states and societies on space systems. There is a wide range of potential threats, from the possible use of anti-satellite weapons to hybrid operations and cyber-attacks that may disrupt or destabilize the functioning of the state. The contribution of European space systems as tools for the implementation of the Common Security and Defense Policy has been steadily increasing. As Europe faces ever-changing security threats that are more and more diverse, less predictable, and global in scope, the first line of response to crisis situations should already be outside of its borders. The space potential, in particular space assets and services, are priceless from the point of view of threat monitoring, early warning, surveillance, navigation and communication. It is therefore essential which increases the security of countries developing it, as an instrument to support technological innovation. However, this aspect, as well as the impact of space policy on a full-scale pro-innovation policy accelerating the technological development of the economies of modern states and the importance of space policy will not be analyzed in this paper.Countries with advanced space programs (the USA, Russia and China) make the most use of the space medium for securit...
System zarz¹dzania kryzysami Unii Europejskiej -znaczenie dla bezpieczeñstwa miêdzynarodowego Z miana charakteru wspó³czesnych zagro¿eñ oraz wzrost aspiracji Unii Europejskiej w kwestii pe³niejszego wykorzystania w³asnego potencja³u na arenie miêdzynarodo-wej postawi³y tê organizacjê wobec koniecznooeci opracowania ró¿nych scenariuszy dzia³ania na wypadek zaistnienia okolicznooeci zagra¿aj¹cych bezpieczeñstwu miêdzyna-rodowemu (w tym pañstwom cz³onkowskim samej Unii). Obecnie coraz czêoeciej efektywnooeae systemów (politycznych) jest mierzona i oceniana w kategoriach odpornooeci i zdolnooeci szybkiego i elastycznego reagowania na zjawiska okreoelane mianem kryzysów. Bezpieczeñstwo narodowe nie jest ju¿ skoncentrowane wokó³ tradycyjnej wojny, ochrony suwerennooeci i integralnooeci terytorialnej. Obejmuje równie¿ tzw. nietradycyjne sk³adniki bezpieczeñstwa, jak utrzymanie pokoju, operacje walki z handlem narkotykami i terroryzmem, zorganizowan¹ przestêpczooeci¹, proliferacj¹ BMZ, ochrona oerodowiska, wyciszanie konfliktów etnicznych. Obecnie nastêpuje zmiana perspektywy postrzegania zagro¿eñ z narodowej na ogólnooewiatow¹ -od wielu pañstw oczekuje siê, ¿e bêd¹ reagowaae nie tylko na w³asne sytuacje kryzysowe, ale ¿e bêd¹ to czyni³y na tyle skutecznie, by zagwarantowaae, i¿ kryzysy te nie zagro¿¹ innym obszarom oewiata. Nieskuteczne zarz¹dzanie kryzysami wewnêtrznymi mo¿e nie tylko szkodziae wizerunkowi pañstwa na zewn¹trz, ale te¿ sprowokowaae interwencjê. Spo³ecznooeae miêdzynarodowa zobowi¹zuje ka¿de pañstwo do zachowania kontroli nad swoimi problemami wewnêtrznymi, jednak nie wszystkie pañstwa (z ró¿nych powodów) s¹ w stanie spe³niae ten wymóg. Skutkuje to koniecznooeci¹ tworzenia nowych mechanizmów reagowania, przede wszystkim du¿o bardziej elastycznych ni¿ w przesz³ooeci. Charakter nowych zagro¿eñ uzmys³awia te¿, jak wa¿ne jest podejmowanie dzia³añ w jak najwczeoeniejszej fazie zagro¿enia (antycypacja zagro¿eñ). Poniewa¿ jednak nie zawsze s¹ one podejmowane lub nie zawsze przynosz¹ po¿¹dane rezultaty, gdy ju¿ pojawi siê zagro¿enie (w ró¿nych formach), rodzi siê koniecznooeae zarz¹dzania kryzysem, aby nie dopuoeciae do pogorszenia siê sytuacji. Skuteczna reakcja na kryzys wymaga dobrego planowania, w którym przewidywanie, komunikacjê, procesy decyzyjne nale¿y zinstytucjonalizowaae, aby nadaae im trwa³y charakter 1 . Pierwszym wyzwaniem jest sprecyzowanie, jak nale¿y rozumieae 'kryzys' i jakiej dziedziny/dziedzin musi on dotyczyae, aby wymagane by³o podjêcie dzia³añ. W stosunkach miê-dzynarodowych (zw³aszcza w obszarze tematyki dotycz¹cej bezpieczeñstwa) tradycyjnie g³ównym kryterium zaistnienia kryzysu by³ poziom zagro¿enia wojn¹ lub konfliktem 2 , a sam 1 S. Larsson, E.-K. Olsson, B. Ramberg, Crisis Management and the European Union Crisis Management, w:
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