BackgroundRice is one of the major staple foods in the world, especially in the developing countries of Asia. Its consumption as a dietary source is also increasing in Africa. To meet the demand for rice to feed the increasing human population, increasing rice yield is essential. Improving the genetic yield potential of rice is one ideal solution. It is imperative to introduce the identified yield-enhancing gene(s) into modern rice cultivars for the rapid improvement of yield potential through marker-assisted breeding.ResultsWe report the development of PCR-gel-based markers for eight yield-related functional genes (Gn1a, OsSPL14, SCM2, Ghd7, DEP1, SPIKE, GS5, and TGW6) to introduce yield-positive alleles from the donor lines. Six rice cultivars, including three each of donor and recipient lines, respectively, were sequenced by next-generation whole-genome sequencing to detect DNA polymorphisms between the genotypes. Additionally, PCR products containing functional nucleotide polymorphism (FNP) or putative FNPs for yield-related genes were sequenced. DNA polymorphisms discriminating yield-positive alleles and non-target alleles for each gene were selected through sequence analysis and the allele-specific PCR-gel-based markers were developed. The markers were validated with our intermediate breeding lines produced from crosses between the donors and 12 elite indica rice cultivars as recipients. Automated capillary electrophoresis was tested and fluorescence-labeled SNP genotyping markers (Fluidigm SNP genotyping platform) for Gn1a, OsSPL14, Ghd7, GS5, and GS3 genes were developed for high-throughput genotyping.ConclusionsThe SNP/indel markers linked to yield related genes functioned properly in our marker-assisted breeding program with identified high yield potential lines. These markers can be utilized in local favorite rice cultivars for yield enhancement. The marker designing strategy using both next generation sequencing and Sanger sequencing methods can be used for suitable marker development of other genes associated with useful agronomic traits.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12284-016-0084-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Drought is a major abiotic stress that limits rice productivity in rain-fed and upland ecosystems. African rice, Oryza glaberrima, has low yields but is tolerant to drought and other stresses. We evaluated 513 BC 2 F 3 progenies from alien introgression lines (AILs) that were derived from crosses of Oryza sativa (IR64) × O. glaberrima. They were assessed for yield and other traits when grown under drought at two locations. Such conditions reduced grain production by 59% compared with the recurrent parent (IR64). However, 33 AILs had higher yields, thus demonstrating their potential as genetic material for transferring drought-related traits from O. glaberrima to O. sativa. A set of 200 AILs was selectively genotyped with 173 simple sequence repeat and sequenced tagged site markers. Molecular analysis showed that a mean of 4.5% of the O. glaberrima genome was introgressed in BC 2 F 3 AILs. Our analysis revealed 33 quantitative trait loci (QTLs; including 10 novel) for different traits. O. glaberrima contributed 50% of the alleles to those newly identified QTLs, with one for grain yield per plant (ypp9.1) being new. A QTL at RM208 on chromosome 2 positively affected yield under stress, accounting for 22% of the genetic variation. Our identification of drought-related QTLs for yield and yield components will be useful to future research efforts in marker-assisted selection.

Rice yield potential has been stagnant since the Green Revolution in the late 1960s, especially in tropical rice cultivars. We evaluated the effect of two major genes that regulate grain number, Gn1a/OsCKX2 and IPA1/WFP/OsSPL14, in elite indica cultivar backgrounds. The yield-positive Gn1a-type 3 and OsSPL14WFP alleles were introgressed respectively through marker-assisted selection (MAS). The grain numbers per panicle (GNPP) were compared between the recipient allele and the donor allele groups using segregating plants in BC3F2 and BC3F3 generations. There was no significant difference in GNPP between the two Gn1a alleles, suggesting that the Gn1a-type 3 allele was not effective in indica cultivars. However, the OsSPL14WFP allele dramatically increased GNPP by 10.6–59.3% in all four different backgrounds across cropping seasons and generations, indicating that this allele provides strong genetic gain to elite indica cultivars. Eventually, five high-yielding breeding lines were bred using the OsSPL14WFP allele by MAS with a conventional breeding approach that showed increased grain yield by 28.4–83.5% (7.87–12.89 t/ha) vis-à-vis the recipient cultivars and exhibited higher yield (~64.7%) than the top-yielding check cultivar, IRRI 156 (7.82 t/ha). We demonstrated a strong possibility to increase the genetic yield potential of indica rice varieties through allele mining and its application.

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Oryza longistaminata (AA genome) is a wild rice species that is phenotypically inferior to cultivated rice but possesses useful alleles that can be used to improve agronomically important traits. Interspecific hybrids that are derived from cultivated rice and wild rice species with AA genome are important contributors of genetic diversity in rice. To illustrate the potential of wild rice relatives as a source of novel alleles for rice improvement, a total of 40 chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) of O. longistaminata in the background of the elite japonica cultivar Taichung 65 were developed and evaluated for yield and various yield-related traits. A number of CSSLs carrying putative quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling different yield-related traits were identified during both dry and wet seasons. In particular, 10 major putative QTLs controlling early heading date, plant height, tiller number, panicle length, number of primary branches per panicle, grain number per panicle, grain width, and grain thickness were identified. Interestingly, one of the CSSL lines, LTSL26, with major putative QTLs on chromosomes 1 and 8 that increase grain number per panicle, showed pleiotropic effects on other traits such as plant height, days to flowering, tiller number, number of branches per panicle, and grain length. These results suggest that O. longistaminata is a good source of new alleles that can be used to improve yield-related traits in cultivated rice varieties.