Lake Rukwa is one of the principal freshwater resources of Tanzania, meeting demands for drinking water, transport and fishery activities. Contamination of fresh water with heavy metals and pesticides is a matter of great concern in this region, as it is globally. Pollution of Lake Rukwa and rivers in the catchment area may have devastating effects to public water supplies and aquatic life, and lead to effects to human health. Pollution by heavy metals such as mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr), in particular, tend to reduce the quality of ecosystems on which all humans depend for daily life. The lake and its catchment area is known as a biodiversity hotspot as it supports numerous fish species, crocodiles, water birds and hippopotamuses. The ecosystem also provides services like food, recreation, medicine, transport and domestic water to the surrounding communities and beyond. Fish species of commercial importance include Rukwa tilapia (Oreochromis rukwaensis), introduced Singida
Octopus cyanea is a commercially important cephalopod in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) region, but scientific information to inform management strategies for the species is limited. A study was conducted in 2014, 2015, 2017 and 2018 to investigate biological parameters including growth, mortality, exploitation rates and recruitment patterns in the sea around Mafia Archipelago, Tanzania. Virtual population analysis (VPA) indicated differential mortality between two sampling sites; the lowest and highest fishing mortality of F = 1.5yr-1 and F = 2.7yr-1 were observed in Bwejuu (Dorsal mantle length, DMT = 18-20 cm) and Jibondo (DMT = 8-12 cm) fishing villages, respectively. The maximum exploitation rate (Emax), which gives the maximum relative yield per recruit, was estimated at 0.380 and 0.379 for Jibondo and Bwejuu, respectively. The exploitation rates E 0.5, which corresponded to 50% of the unexploited stock relative biomass per recruit, were estimated at 0.248 for Jibondo and 0.247 for Bwejuu. These values differ greatly from the exploitation rates of 0.53 and 0.41 for Jibondo and Bwejuu, respectively, suggesting that the stock of O. cyanea is probably being overfished both in terms of yield per recruit and biomass per recruit. The stock-recruit pattern was observed to be continuous year-round, with the peak being between May and July. Since the peak in recruitment of both areas coincides with the south-east monsoon (SE Monsoon) and the level of maximum sustainable yield has been overshot, it is recommended that management plans are implemented that will reduce effort while increasing biomass, for example, implementing temporal octopus fishery closures at a village level.
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