This article aims to shed light on the impacts of peri‐urbanisation processes across two case studies in Port Numbay within the Province of Papua. Five methods were used to gather data: focus group discussions, semi‐structured interviews, archival research, ethnographic observations, and remote sensing imagery and geospatial analysis tools. The results generated insights into: (1) the lasting legacy of historical transmigration and decentralisation policies that have influenced the processes of peri‐urbanisation in shaping the social and economic conditions within peripheral communities; (2) how peri‐urbanisation has impacted biophysical environments including social‐ecological systems and environmental health systems; (3) a range of peri‐urbanisation trends (land clearing, deforestation and expansion of settlements over time). The article tests an interdisciplinary method for monitoring processes of peri‐urbanisation. It concludes that approaches to decentralisation, health service delivery and sustainable development interventions into peri‐urban zones should consider local conditions. Recommendations for policy and further research are also provided.
PENDAHULUANMengapa China menjadi sorotan dunia saat ini? Hal ini tidak terlepas dari istilah 'The Rise of China' atau kebangkitan China khususnya dalam sektor ekonomi lewat mega proyek Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Kebangkitan China juga dapat dilihat lewat pertarungan hegemoni dengan Amerika Serikat (AS) di kawasan Indo-Pasifik. Sejarah mencatat bahwa sekitar 40 tahun yang lalu China adalah negara miskin dan terisolasi dari komunitas internasional (Garnaut, Song, & Fang, 2018). Namun, kondisi ini berubah ketika Deng Xiaoping, mantan pemimpin revolusi dalam Partai Komunis China, meluncurkan reformasi ekonomi secara masif pada tahun 1978, di antaranya dengan memberikan insentif kepada para petani sehingga mereka dapat menjual hasil pertanian di pasar bebas (Bijian, 2005). Selain itu, pemerintah China menetapkan empat wilayah ekonomi khusus dekat pantai (Shenzhen, Zhuhai, dan Shantou di Provinsi Guangdong, dan Xiamen (Amoy) di Provinsi Fujian) untuk menarik
<p><em>This study aims to analyze a blowout from an oil and gas leak owned by PTT Exploration and Production (PTTEP) Australasia in the Montara oil field in the Indonesian Timor Sea, and how to resolve disputes between Australia and Indonesia. A qualitative approach was used in this study, whilst the data collection technique was through library research. The theory of state responsibility, the concept of human security, and the concept of international maritime law are used to analyze disputes between Indonesia and Australia. The study found that the Montara oil spill had not only damaged the marine ecosystem but also polluted Indonesian waters. It also found that although the Australian government had formed a special commission to resolve cases and even used dispersant, it had not satisfied all parties. Several points are summarized. First, the Montara oil spill in Australia is a transnational study because the impact has crossed national borders. Secondly, UNCLOS has a weakness in the settlement of the Montara case because the Convention only provides a description related to ‘Responsibility of Each Country’ and does not specifically arrange material compensation mechanisms to countries that cause sea pollution. Third, the Montara oil spill has caused huge losses for Indonesian seaweed farmers, especially 13 districts in NTT. The recommendations are that the Indonesian government along with the Montara Victim Peoples’ Advocacy Team should continue to follow up the case of oil spills from the Montara platform and continue to fight for compensation to the Australian government and the PTTEP as the responsible party.</em></p>
Aborigine is the indigenous people of Australia who have attempted to oppose the proposal for South Australia to host an international nuclear dump. Even though the rights of indigenous people have been recognized by the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, the treatment they receive are not in accordance with the standard of living. The object of this this paper is to examine the struggle of Aboriginal Australia as indigenous people who seek to ensure their basic rights to clean environment from nuclear waste by using normative juridical method. The results of the paper show that Aboriginal people have commenced their struggle by the formation of global movement in the form of local campaign (Kupa Piti Kungka Juta), Australian Nuclear Free Alliance (ANFA), in collaboration with Amnesty International and the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN). All efforts are made to pressure the Australian government not to consider South Australia as a nuclear waste disposal site. This is because nuclear waste can have an impact on public health and environmental damage, trigger nuclear war, and become a threat to the land of Aboriginal people.
Australia is currently faced with a strategic and economic dilemma regarding its interactions with China and the United States (US). On the one hand, it should maintain and strengthen its strategic relations with the US as an ally in order to contain a rising China. On the other hand, Australia should ensure its economic growth by strengthening trade relations with China. This paper aims to examine the implications of the new China-Australia Free Trade Agreement (ChAFTA) for the ANZUS strategic alliance. Through Qualitative Approach, this article analyzes the issues with the use of realist and liberal perspectives in international relations. By assessing two previous events involving the triangular Australia-US-China relationship (the case of the Taiwan conflict, and the US development of a National Missile Defense system), this paper concludes that ChAFTA may tend to undermine the ANZUS alliance. Three reasons for this conclusion are identified: a fundamental shift in the way Australia perceives China; ChAFTA offers more benefits to Australia than the Australia-US Free Trade Agreement (AUSFTA); and finally Australia may consider ChAFTA as being more in its national interests in the international system than the ANZUS alliance.
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