Background Previous studies have demonstrated that online patient educational materials are written at reading levels too advanced for the average patient. The average American reads at the eighth-grade reading level. To date, the readability of online educational material of academic centers for shoulder arthroplasty has not been analyzed. Methods Online patient educational materials from the top 25 orthopedic institutions, as ranked by U.S. News & World Report, were assessed utilizing the following readability assessments: Flesch-Kincaid (FK), Flesch Reading Ease, Gunning Fog Index, Coleman-Liau Index, Simple Measure of the Gobbledygook Index, Automated Readability Index, FORCAST, and the New Dale and Chall Readability. All of these scores, with the exception of the Flesch Reading Ease, provide an output indicating reading difficulty based on grade level. Correlations between academic institutional ranking and FK scores were evaluated using a Spearman regression. Lastly, additional factors including geographical location, private versus public institution, and use of concomitant multi-media modalities that may impact institutional readability scores (as determined by FK) were evaluated. Results Only 16.0% of the top 25 institutions included online material at or below the eighth-grade reading level. Moreover, half of the online resources evaluated (those with FK score ≥9.3) were not at a suitable reading level for more than two-thirds of the general United States population (∼70%). Overall, the composite mean scores were 9.5 ± 2.1 for FK, 52.8 ± 9. for 4 Flesch Reading Ease, 12.2 ± 2.4 for Gunning Fog, 11.6 ± 1.8 for Coleman-Liau, 12.3 ± 1.7 for Simple Measure of the Gobbledygook Index, 9.6 ± 2.6 for Automated Readability, 11.1 ± 0.6 for FORCAST, and 5.9 ± 0.6 for New Dale and Chall. There was no correlation between institutional ranking and FK scores (ρ = −0.15; P = .946). Geographical location, private versus public institution, and use of concomitant multi-media modalities were not significantly associated with readability. Conclusion Shoulder arthroplasty online patient educational material at top-ranked orthopedic institutions have poor readability and are likely not suitable for the majority of patients in the United States.

Introduction Klippel–Feil syndrome (KFS) is a congenital anomaly resulting from fusion of cervical vertebral bodies secondary to the dysregulation of signaling pathways during somite development. It is commonly associated with scoliosis and Sprengel deformity. We present a case of KFS with commonly associated abnormalities as well as deformities that have not yet been reported in the literature. Case Presentation A 3-year-old girl presented for further evaluation of a left upper extremity deformity following a negative genetic workup. Upon physical exam and radiographic imaging, the patient was diagnosed with KFS and associated abnormalities including cervical scoliosis, Sprengel deformity, and congenital deformity of the left upper extremity. Deformities of the left upper extremity include radioulnar synostosis, a four-rayed hand, and absent thenar musculature. The Sprengel deformity was corrected surgically with a Woodward procedure. Discussion Congenital musculoskeletal deformities can be differentiated based upon spinal and limb embryology. The presence of extraspinal abnormalities not originating from somite differentiation may suggest a severe form of KFS. Important considerations in the workup of the KFS patient include looking for deformities of the shoulder girdle and upper extremities to identify abnormalities for intervention at a young age.

Type 2 diabetics in Germany received an acceptable level of treatment for hyperglycaemia, but still more than 60 % of the patients have HbA (1c) values higher than 6,5 %. There are serious deficits in the management of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and the use of aspirin. Because intensive, multifactorial care of type 2 diabetics leads to reduced rates of death and cardiovascular disorders, these results indicate that the early and meticulous implementation of current treatment guidelines remains a major challenge.

Despite advances in techniques for acetabular labral repair, strategies for mitigating or reversing damage to the chondrolabral junction do not yet exist. Cartilage repair techniques such as autologous chondrocyte implantation, matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation, osteochondral autograft transfer, microfracture, and bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) have all been suggested to restore joint congruity and minimize further chondral deterioration. However, chondrocyte implantation techniques and osteochondral grafts are technically challenging in the hip because of its constrained nature, and many cell-based therapies have shown suboptimal results near the chondrolabral junction because of the increased shear forces at the peripheral acetabulum and increased stress at the weight-bearing region of the joint. By using BMAC to augment labral repairs and coat chondrolabral junction breakdown, we are able to introduce mesenchymal stem cells to peripheral acetabular tissue with little to no drawbacks, while avoiding donor-site morbidity, open procedures, and multiple surgeries. The purpose of this Technical Note is to describe a reproducible method for harvesting, processing, and applying BMAC to the chondrolabral surface of the hip during hip arthroscopy without the need for donor-site morbidity or increased labral repair time.

So far little is known about how the antidiabetic drugs acting at the level of gastrointestinal mucosa may affect immune and cellular response to food intake. The following study investigated the association between acarbose treatment and postprandial metabolism, immune- and inflammatory activity in patients with early type 2 diabetes: The Acarbose action on low grade Inflammation and Immune response in type 2 Diabetes on Atherosclerosis risk (AIIDA) study. Middle-aged patients (n=87) with early type 2 diabetes (2 h-plasma-glucose >or=11.1 mmol/l and/or HbA1c >or=6.5%) and sub-clinical inflammation (leucocytes >or=6.2 GPt/l and/or hsCRP >or=1.0 mg/l) underwent a mixed meal load (527 kcal). Metabolic parameters and markers of subclinical inflammation were measured at fasting (0'), 2 h-postprandial (2-hpp) and 4-hpp before and after 20 weeks of treatment with acarbose or placebo. Leukocytes and lymphocytes excursion after 20 weeks of treatment was significantly reduced with acarbose 4 h after testmeal [GPt/l] (7.5 vs. 7; p<0.05; and 2.29 vs. 2.14; p<0.05, respectively). Acarbose had only marginal effects on pp glucose, FFA, triglycerides, and insulin excursion. Biomarkers of inflammation (hsCRP, MBL, and PAI1) were not affected by acarbose. Multivariate analysis reveals only baseline leukocytes and of acarbose as independent determinant of 4-h leucocytes excursion. Postprandial metabolic and inflammatory parameters were strongly interrelated. These results suggest pleiotropic effects of acarbose, which may contribute to its vasoprotective potentials.

Brain abscesses are infections of the brain parenchyma that can arise from either contiguous spread from local infection or by hematogenous spread from a distant site. Streptococcus anginosus of the Streptococcus anginosus group (SAG) is a commensal microbe of the mucosae of the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. We present a case of mono-microbial brain abscess caused by contiguous spread from relatively asymptomatic sinusitis that initially presented as a subdural hemorrhage on computed tomography.A 70-year-old male presented, obtunded, with a Glasgow Coma Score of eight. The patient seized on arrival. A computed tomography scan was read as a subdural hemorrhage, and magnetic resonance imaging showed a heterogeneous area at the anterior tip of the left frontal lobe interpreted as a frontoparietal abscess, along with pansinusitis. Craniotomy revealed a loculated abscess. Culture grew only Streptococcus anginosus. The patient did well postoperatively, was extubated by day five with rapidly improving neurological function, and was discharged to inpatient rehab by hospital-day eight for the continuation of intravenous antibiotics.This case represents a frontal lobe abscess caused by the contiguous spread of Streptococcus anginosus from a frontal sinus infection. This is a relatively rare presentation of SAG infection in an immunocompetent patient. The case outlines the importance of imaging modality choice in the various stages of brain abscess formation, and the necessity of maintaining an index of suspicion for brain abscess in patients with few traditional risk factors and little to no history on presentation.

We present a case of severe acquired acrodermatitis enteropathica in a vegan adult female with multiple underlying comorbidities. Acquired acrodermatitis enteropathica or zinc-deficiency dermatitis is the most common diagnosis than many practitioners realize with up to 10% of the patients in developed nations with the risk of zinc deficiency. The condition can be difficult to diagnose due to many similarly-presenting conditions. Furthermore, comorbid conditions in the patients can serve as confounders to the diagnosis. The symptoms are often extremely distressing for the patients, though the treatment is simple and clinical improvement occurs rapidly with appropriate care. We recommend a high index of suspicion to practitioners as well as a low-threshold for initiating treatment in the patients with any clinical symptoms of the condition.

Retinal detachment with subsequent silicone oil retinopexy is not uncommon. A known complication of silicone retinopexy is intraventricular migration of the intraocular silicone oil. While the oil itself does not result in direct pathology, misdiagnosis may lead to an unnecessary diagnostic workup and possibly predispose the patient to surgery intervention. Silicone oil typically appears hyperdense on computer tomography (CT) and hyperintense on T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR). These imaging findings may mimic a mass or blood products. However, MR imaging of silicone results in chemical shift artifact which should help narrow the imaging differential. We present a patient with incidental CT and MRI findings which resulted in a prolonged hospital course following misidentification of intraventricular silicone oil. Although the imaging differential for an intraventricular lesion may include metastasis, lymphoma, hemorrhage, choroid plexus papilloma/carcinoma, meningioma, subependymoma, and ependymoma, secondary imaging findings should be noted to ensure an accurate diagnosis. In patients with evidence of prior silicone retinopexy, visualization of an intraventricular lesion with associated chemical shift artifact should raise the possibility of intraventricular silicone oil migration.