The degree of depolarization of back-scattered polarized radiation by model hydrosol systems has been investigated. A resulting empirical method for determining suspended solids concentrations has been established. Results show that the degree of depolarization is related to the volume concentration of suspended solids. The degree of depolarization increases with the refractive index ratio of the solid to the dispersing medium at values below 1.38 and remains constant in the 1.38 to 1.82 range. The degree of depolarization increases with the optical path length, but this increase is limited by the concentration of the solids and refractive index ratio of the suspension. The degree of depolarization is a single valued function with respect to concentration and is unaffected by such factors as particle shape, optical activity, and the solid deposits on the optical windows. This approach responds to a greater concentration range of particles and is less dependent on particle size than the commonly used transmission and ligh t-scattering techniques. n optical method for measuring the mass concentra-A tion of suspended solids in hydrosols would be extremely useful in monitoring water pollution because such an approach could offer rapid and continuous operation. Available optical techniques such as light absorption and light scattering intensity measurements have limited applications for a number of reasons. Measurements from these techniques are affected by variation in particle size, shape, and color; light source fluctuations can cause variations in the intensity of the transmitted and scattered radiation.As an empirical method of measuring the concentration of suspended solids, the depolarization of back-scattered polarized radiation was investigated. This optical approach is based on the well known effect that the depolarization of scattered light resulting from multiple scattering increases with the concentration of scattering particles. Although many investigators-Napper and Ottewill (1964); Kraut and Dandliker (1955); Doty and Stein (1948); Doty and Kaufman (1945); Kerker and Matijevic (1960); Renau et al. (1967); Oster (1948); Kratohvil and Smart (1965); Wallace and Kratohvil(l967); Smart et al. (1965); Woodward (1964); Walsh (1968); Graessley and Zufall (1964); Tabibian and Heller (1958); Querfield (1969); Heller (1963); Hodkinson (1963)-studied depolarization of scattered radiation and multiple scattering, the use of depolarization of back-scattered polarized radiation as a means of measuring the concentration of solids in suspension appears to have been overlooked.The purpose of this paper is to bring attention lo the apparently unexpected results obtained by measuring the depolarization of back-scattered radiation exhibited by particles of various shapes and sizes. A study of the effect of particle size, shape, refractive index, and optical path length on the empirical relationship between the degree of depolarization of back-scattered polarized radiation and the concentration of suspended particles in hyd...
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This one year investigation is concerned with relating the sorbent characteristics of fly ash produced from test. coal obtained from 19 mines. located in Virginia, West Virginia and Pennsylvania~ Six of the test coals and their respective fly ashes have been sampled and. boiler conditions monitored in P.S.E. & G. coal fired boilers operated under minimum, intermediate and full power. / II Major, minor and trace elemental analysis as well as Mossbauer spectra of three of the coals and their respective ashes have been completed. The atom composition of the surface of these fly ashes has also been determined by ESCA. The pH and concentration of the major, minor and trace elements that leach out of the fly ash initially have been determined on the fly ashes produced from the Militant, Deep Hollow and Wellmore Cactus coals. All leachate samples to.dateexhibited an acidic pH. This leaching essentially ceases as the pH approached neutral conditions. This was found to occur after 4 liters of water was passed through each fly ash sample in a lysimeter. The lysimeter studies to define the sorbent characteristics of the fly ashes have not been completed yet. .)t.• COAL SCHEDULED FOR COMBUSTION UNDER TEST CONDITIONS Hudson's coal fired boiler (high fusion coal) l1ine Location Militant Clearfield County, Pa.
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