Scholars have generally traced J.S. Mill's interest in the United States to the commercial and democratic aspects of American society. Yet Mill also suggested a third respect in which America was unique: it was the only existing nation founded on the basis of "abstract principles." This insight provides the key to a fuller understanding of Mill's various writings on America. In his early essays, Mill worried that America's founding principles and institutions were beginning to take on the characteristics of dogma: they were universally accepted, but no longer discussed. Mill responded optimistically to the Civil War because he believed the struggle to extinguish slavery would ultimately restore the meaning or vitality of the founding principles of liberty and equality. With the nation thus "regenerated,"
Each of 9 Es received general (personality and intelligence), specific (expected performance), or no information about 136 Ss. All information was fabricated. Ss' reaction time (RT) and photo-ratings were used to assess E-expectancy effects. Contrary to the findings of other investigators, Ss' photo-ratings were not significantly influenced by the specific expectancy of E, but their RTs were. Ss' photo-ratings and RTs were not significantly influenced by Es who received general information about their Ss.
American political development (APD) is a subfield of political science which focuses on the dynamics of political change in the United States. Although most APD work is historical in nature, the goal of APD scholarship is not simply to document the past, but rather to understand the temporal patterns and processes that have shaped the development of the American polity. APD scholars typically employ historical‐institutional methodologies, including a focus on the ways in which political action is structured by a pre‐existing landscape of rules, routines, and norms of legitimate action. But while the field is known for its institutional emphasis, APD practitioners have also had a good deal to say about ideas and ideology. This article will survey the field's origins, methodological assumptions, and major achievements, paying particular attention to APD's contributions to the study of political thought.
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