BEGIN TEST.«»* TEST PASSES IF 'END PROGRAM 2' IS THE LAST OUTPUT GENERATED BY THIS PROGRAM, FOLLOWED BY NORMAL TERMINATION OF EXECUTION.
Knowledge-Based Systems (KBS) represent a new software methodology which can broaden the scope of computer applications. When developing such software at the programming level, symbolic languages offer features to the programmer not provided by traditional procedural languages. The three most widespread symbolic languages are Lisp, Prolog, and 0PS5. An abstract model for a basic KBS and associated terminology is described. This provides a framework for evaluation of the languages. There are several criteria by which one may assess the relative merits of these languages for a given knowledge-based application. Some are related to the languages' expressiveness for typical KBS techniques, others to the user's requirements. An extensive set of these criteria is discussed, and the languages are evaluated in light of them. While Lisp offers more features for general-purpose and symbolic computing, it does not offer direct support for the derivation process. 0PS5 and Prolog have features especially designed for KBS, but lack many common general-purpose constructs.
The Department of Commerce has adopted this ANSI standard as Federal Information Processing Standard 68. By submitting the programs to a candidate implementation, the user can test the various features which an implementation must support in order to conform to the standard. While some programs can determine whether or not a given feature is correctly implemented, others produce output which the user must then interpret to some degree. This manual describes how the programs should be used so as to interpret correctly the results of the tests. Such interpretation depends strongly on a solid und er stand ir,g of the conformance rules laid down in the standard, and there is a brief discussion of these rules and how they relate to the test programs and to the various ways in which the language may be im pi em en ted .
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