Abstract. In this study we look at the concentration of CO at four remote stations in the North Pacific to evaluate the impact of Asian industrial emissions on the remote atmosphere. Using a locally weighted smoothing technique to identify individual data outliers from the seasonal cycle, we have identified 22-92 outliers or "events" (greater than 5 ppbv above the seasonal cycle) at each site for the 3-6 year data records. Using isentropic back trajectories, we identify a possible source region for each event and present a distribution of the trajectory types. For the events at Midway, Mauna Loa, Guam, and Shemya, we are able to identify a source region for the elevated CO in 82, 72, 65, and 50% of the events, respectively. At Mauna Loa and Midway a majority of the events occur during spring and are usually associated with transport from Asia. These events bring the highest CO mixing ratios observed at any time during the year to these sites, with CO enhancements up to 46 ppb. At Guam, easterly trade winds are the norm, but occasionally synoptic events bring Asian emissions to the island, generally during late summer and fall, from either East Asia or Southeast Asia (e.g., Indonesia). These events bring with them the largest CO enhancements of any of the four sites considered in this paper, up to 58 ppb. Finally, to examine the robustness of our conclusions, we redo our analysis using the more stringent definition that an event must be either 10 or 15 ppb above the seasonal cycle. Although this reduces the number of events identified at each site, it does not significantly change the fraction of events which can be attributed to a known source.
This report presents the Hydrologic Simulation Program-FORTRAN Model (HSPF) parameters for eight basins in the coal-mining region of West Virginia. The magnitude and characteristics of model parameters from this study will assist users of HSPF in simulating streamflow at other basins in the coal-mining region of West Virginia. The parameter for nominal capacity of the upper-zone storage, UZSN, increased from south to north. The increase in UZSN with the increase in basin latitude could be due to decreasing slopes, decreasing rockiness of the soils, and increasing soil depths from south to north. A special action was given to the parameter for fraction of groundwater inflow that flows to inactive ground water, DEEPFR. The basis for this special action was related to the seasonal movement of the water table and transpiration from trees. The models were most sensitive to DEEPFR and the parameter for interception storage capacity, CEPSC. The models were also fairly sensitive to the parameter for an index representing the infiltration capacity of the soil, INFILT; the parameter for indicating the behavior of the groundwater recession flow, KVARY; the parameter for the basic groundwater recession rate, AGWRC; the parameter for nominal capacity of the upper zone storage, UZSN; the parameter for the interflow inflow, INTFW; the parameter for the interflow recession constant, IRC; and the parameter for lower zone evapotranspiration, LZETP.
Multiply By To obtain Length inch (in.) 2.54 centimeter (cm) foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m) mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km) Area square mile (mi 2) 2.590 square kilometer (km 2) Flow rate cubic foot per second (ft 3 /s) 0.02832 cubic meter per second (m 3 /s) cubic foot per second per square mile [(ft 3 /s)/mi 2 ] 0.01093 cubic meter per second per square kilometer [(m 3 /s)/km 2 ] Vertical coordinate information is referenced to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88). Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83). Altitude, as used in this report, refers to distance above the vertical datum. Acronyms GLSNet USGS software for computing generalized least-square regression LOESS Locally weighted regression PeakFQ USGS software for computing flood-frequency discharges S-PLUS Commercially available software for computing statistics USGS U. S. Geological Survey SWSTAT USGS software for computing surface-water statistics Abbreviations AOP Annual-occurrence probability A U Drainage area at the location of the unknown flood-frequency discharge A K Drainage area at the location of the known flood-frequency discharge A US Drainage area at the upstream location A DS Drainage area at the downstream location AOP Annual-occurrence probability DRNAREA Drainage area EX Exponent for drainage-area ratios vi E Y Equivalent years of record K Frequency factor MSE Mean-square error N Number of years of peak-discharge record Q Discharge Q DS Flood-frequency discharge at the downstream location Q K Known flood-frequency discharge Q KE Regional equation evaluated at the location of the known flood-frequency discharge Q r Flood-frequency discharge determined from the appropriate regional equation Q s Flood-frequency discharge determined from systematic and historical record Q U Unknown flood-frequency discharge Q UE Regional equation evaluated at the location of the unknown flood-frequency discharge Q US Flood-frequency discharge at the upstream location Q w Discharge weighted by number of years of peak-discharge record at the gaging station and equivalent years of record for the appropriate regional equation Q(n) Discharge for the n-year recurrence interval R DS Downstream limit of the ratio of drainage areas R U/K Ratio of the drainage area at the location of the unknown flood-frequency discharge to the drainage area at the location of the known flood-frequency discharge R US Upstream limit of the ratio of drainage areas S P Standard deviation of the log 10-transformed annual peak discharges X Log 10-transformed annual peak discharges X mean Mean of the log 10-transformed annual peak discharges
Regional equations and procedures were developed for estimating seasonal 1-day 10-year, 7-day 10-year, and 30-day 5-year hydrologically based low-flow frequency values for unregulated streams in West Virginia. Regional equations and procedures also were developed for estimating the seasonal U.S. Environmental Protection Agency harmonic-mean flows and the 50-percent flow-duration values. The seasons were defined as winter (January 1-March 31), spring (April 1-June 30), summer (July 1-September 30), and fall (October 1-December 31). Regional equations were developed using ordinary least squares regression using statistics from 117 U.S. Geological Survey continuous streamgage stations as dependent variables and basin characteristics as independent variables. Equations for three regions in West Virginia-North, South-Central, and Eastern Panhandle Regions-were determined. Drainage area, average annual precipitation, and longitude of the basin centroid are significant independent variables in one or more of the equations. The average standard error of estimates for the equations ranged from 12.6 to 299 percent. Procedures developed to estimate the selected seasonal streamflow statistics in this study are applicable only to rural, unregulated streams within the boundaries of West Virginia that have independent variables within the limits of the stations used to develop the regional equations: drainage area from 16.3 to 1,516 square miles in the North Region, from 2.78 to 1,619 square miles in the South-Central Region, and from 8.83 to 3,041 square miles in the Eastern Panhandle Region; average annual precipitation from 42.3 to 61.4 inches in the South-Central Region and from 39.8 to 52.9 inches in the Eastern Panhandle Region; and longitude of the basin centroid from 79.618 to 82.023 decimal degrees in the North Region. All estimates of seasonal streamflow statistics are representative of the period from the 1930 to the 2002 climatic year.
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