n behalf of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), the Priority Criminal Justice Needs Initiative convened an expert workshop to identify the challenges and needs associated with managing individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) under correctional control. The workshop participants included correctional line staff and administrators, mental health professionals, and researchers. The major goal of the workshop was to produce a set of prioritized needs that can help inform NIJ's research agenda. The recommendations of the participants are presented in this report.By many accounts, the United States is in the midst of a mental health crisis. For example, more than 18 percent of adults live with some type of mental illness and many do not receive treatment (Ahrnsbrak et al., 2017). A significant percentage of this group suffers from SMI; however, it is important to note that definitions of SMI vary depending on whether the term is used for legal, clinical, or epidemiological purposes (Development Services Group, 2016). The National Institute of Mental Health (2017) defines SMI as a "mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder resulting in serious functional impairment, which substantially interferes with or limits one or more major life activities." These disorders can include schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders; bipolar disorder; severe forms of depression; and some anxiety disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder. Using this definition, it is estimated that 4.2 percent of the adult population suffers from SMI (National Institute of Mental Health, 2017).A disproportionate number of individuals with SMI become involved in the criminal justice system and ultimately fall under some form of correctional control. In contrast to the prevalence rate in the general population, it is estimated that 20-26 percent of the jail population, 15 percent of state inmates, 9 percent of probationers, and 7 percent of parolees are diagnosed with SMI (Feucht and Gfroerer, 2011; Treatment Advocacy Center, 2016; Bronson and Berzofsky, 2017).• Cost-benefit analyses are required to support the redistribution of funding to the most effective intervention points (e.g., prejustice involvement, diversion, and reentry).