High efficiency combined with transformative roll-to-roll (R2R) printability makes metal halide perovskite-based solar cells the most promising solar technology to address the terawatt challenge of the future energy demand. However, translation from lab-scale deposition solution processing techniques to large-scale R2R methods has typically led to reduced photovoltaic performance. Here, we demonstrate large-scale, highly crystalline, uniaxially oriented, smooth perovskite films printed at room temperature and in the ambient environment. Confirmed with high speed in situ X-ray diffraction measurements, the perovskite films reach 98% of relative crystallinity at room temperature and display high texture within 1 s of the coating. We demonstrate an all-blade-coated metal halide perovskite cell with power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 19.6%, a slot-die coated cell with a PCE of 17.3%, and a partially R2R slot-die coated flexible glass-based cell efficiency of 14.1%. The developed printing method can be applied to diverse perovskite compositions, enabling a variety of bandgaps to pave the way for the future R2R printing of highly efficient perovskite–perovskite tandem cells.

Climate change will increase the frequency and severity of supply chain disruptions and large-scale economic crises, also prompting environmentally protective local policies. Here we use econometric time series analysis, inventory-driven price formation, dynamic material flow analysis, and life cycle assessment to model each copper supply chain actor’s response to China’s solid waste import ban and the COVID-19 pandemic. We demonstrate that the economic changes associated with China’s solid waste import ban increase primary refining within China, offsetting the environmental benefits of decreased copper scrap refining and generating a cumulative increase in CO2-equivalent emissions of up to 13 Mt by 2040. Increasing China’s refined copper imports reverses this trend, decreasing CO2e emissions in China (up to 180 Mt by 2040) and globally (up to 20 Mt). We test sensitivity to supply chain disruptions using GDP, mining, and refining shocks associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, showing the results translate onto disruption effects.

Material production drives an increasingly large fraction of CO 2 -equivalent emissions. Material efficiency strategies such as recycling serve to reduce these emissions.Current analyses of the effectiveness of such strategies do not include economically induced rebound effects, overestimating the associated environmental benefits. We present a dynamic supply chain simulation model for copper through 2040 incorporating inventory-driven price evolution, dynamic material flow analysis, and life cycle assessment alongside mine-level economic evaluation of opening, closing, and production decisions. We show that permanent increases in recycling displace ∼0.5 kilotonnes mine production per kilotonne increase in scrap supply on average, while short-lived recycling policies can lead to increased mine production. We find evidence for supply chain evolution pathways minimizing the rebound effect and maximizing displacement of primary material, where increasing refined copper and concentrate prices and decreasing demand serve to decrease mining. However, even in best-case scrap supply scenarios, CO 2 e emissions from the copper sector increase 25% by 2040 relative to 2018 due to demand growth, ore grade decline, and lower displacement among large scrap supply changes. With implementation of best available technologies across all supply chain components, we estimated 2040 CO 2 e emissions 10% below those of 2018 are possible, though still well short of 2 • C emissions targets. We find increasing mine taxes and royalties, reclamation costs, and exploration costs further increase displacement, as does the inclusion of scrap prices on major futures exchanges. These results highlight the importance of considering the economics of the entire material supply chain when implementing material efficiency strategies. This article met the requirements for a Gold-Gold JIE data openness badge described at http://jie.click/ badges.

Al-C, Cr-C, Al-Cr and Al-Cr-C thin film coatings were sputtered onto Ni-201 substrates. Samples were deposited with 1.0 ± 0.3 mg cm −2 Na 2 SO 4 and exposed to dry air/2 ppm SO 2 gas atmosphere, at 700 • C for 250 hours. Coated samples had reduced corrosion rates relative to uncoated samples. Al-C and Cr-C coatings were not effective since NiO was the only compound detected on the surfaces; in contrast Cr-Al and Cr-Al-C developed protective layers of Al 2 O 3 and Cr 2 O 3 with Cr-Al-C coated samples having the least corrosion rate.

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