Farm-scale production models of bivalves have been used for site selection, optimization of culture practices, and the estimation of ecosystem goods and services. While all farm models require physical forcing through hydrodynamic models, the input of measured or modelled bivalve growth drivers, and a bioenergetic growth model which predicts individual growth and farm yield as a function of husbandry practices, some models are also embedded in a GIS system to allow for a "point and click" ability to test different locations and production strategies at various locations within the modeled domain. More generic Web-based models such as the Farm Aquaculture Resource Management are relatively simple to use, provide a link to larger ecosystem models, and provide direct estimates of ecosystem services. More detailed models, such as ShellGIS, may be more data intensive and require detailed bathymetry, spatial velocity fields, information about boundary layer and aquaculture structure hydrodynamics and particle depletion. However, these models provide the detailed spatial and temporal results that can optimize farm productivity and assess benthic impacts. New approaches using high resolution remote sensing satellites and powerful physical-biogeochemical models using unstructured grids to link farm scale models with ecosystem models in a GIS platform have potential to provide improvements in the utility of farm scale models for the estimation of bivalve aquaculture ecosystem goods and services.
Black stem rust is the worst enemy of the grain grower in the Northwest. It is the biggest hazard that the producer of cereal grains faces in his efforts to harvest a profitable crop. During the last ten years its yearly toll in South Dakota alone has averaged almost 9,000,000 bushels of grain. Barberry eradication has been found to be an effective means of reducing these excessive stem-rust losses. This project was started in South Dakota in April, 1918. Since that time the task of finding and destroying this harmful bush has continued as rapidly as possible with the time and funds available. The results of this campaign are highly gratifying to those who understand the campaign and have followed it. Every year from 1918 to 1927 the total number of bushes found and destroyed has increased until 131,725 barberries, large and small, have been destroyed on 1,244 properties in South Dakota. The willingness of the property owners and the support of the citizens and organizations within the State have made these results possible. The barberry eradication campaign in South Dakota is directed by a State Leader, under the supervision of the Office of Cereal Crops and Diseases, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., in cooperation with the South Dakota State College, the State Department of Agriculture, and other State and civic organic zations. The Conference for the Prevention of Grain Rust, Minneapolis, composed of representatives of agricultural and allied interests, cooperates closely with the campaign. In certain years losses have been much higher. In 1916 the average loss per farm was approximately $800. Three types of survey have been used in finding barberries. These are the first or preliminary survey, the second survey, and the resurvey.
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