L. A. Clark and Watson (1991) proposed a tripartite model of anxiety and depression defined in terms of common symptoms relating to general distress, anxiety-specific symptoms of hyperarousal, and depression-specific symptoms of low positive affect and loss of interest. To aid the measurement of and discrimination between anxiety and depression they developed the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ). Although potentially useful, the MASQ is still in an early stage of development, and there is an indication that a discrepancy exists between items and scales. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the items and factors of the MASQ and determine whether a pattern similar to that suggested by L. A. Clark and Watson would emerge. Factor analysis of the MASQ revealed 3 factors relating to general distress, positive affect, and anxious arousal. Inspection of the individual items indicated that some refinements are required.

HighlightsUsing eye tracking and interviews, we study consumers' behaviour online.We further examine what consumers consider when purchasing groceries online.Consumers preferred to browse products' categories rather than use search terms.Once on the product pages, participants paid most attention to pictures of products.We propose strategies to alert consumers to health-related information online.

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Objectives The predictive validity of the theory of planned behaviour is well established, but much less is known about: (a) whether there are causal relationships between key components of the model and (b) how to go about changing the theory of planned behaviour variables. This study tested the ability of outcome and process simulations to change variables specified in the theory of planned behaviour in relation to blood donation. Design Participants (N = 146) were randomized to one of four conditions: outcome simulation only, process simulation only, process‐plus‐outcome simulation and a distractor control condition. The dependent variables were state anxiety, and intention attitude, subjective norm and perceived control from the theory of planned behaviour. Methods Participants were asked to empty their mind and visualize themselves: (a) after donating blood (outcome manipulation), (b) preparing to donate blood (process manipulation), (c) both preparing to donate blood and after having donated blood (process‐plus‐outcome manipulation) or (d) both preparing to get a high mark and after having got a high mark on their course (control condition). Following mental rehearsal, participants completed the dependent variables. Results There were no main effects of outcome simulation, but process simulation successfully increased intention, subjective norm and perceived control. There was also a significant outcome simulation × process simulation interaction for attitude. The effect of the process manipulation on intention was mediated by subjective norm and perceived control. Conclusions The findings show promise for the use of mental simulations in changing cognitions and further research is required to extend the present findings to other health behaviours.

The present research examines whether forming implementation intentions can help people with social anxiety to control their attention and make more realistic appraisals of their performance. In Experiment 1, socially anxious participants (relative to less anxious participants) exhibited an attentional bias toward social threat words in a Visual Dot Probe task. However, socially anxious participants who formed implementation intentions designed to control attention did not exhibit this bias. Using a spatial cuing task, Experiment 2 showed that forming implementation intentions also promoted rapid disengagement from threatening stimuli. Experiment 3 ruled out the possibility that implementation intentions were effective merely because they provided additional goalrelevant information. In Experiment 4, participants gave a speech and subsequently rated their performance. Forming implementation intentions prevented the underestimation of performance that characterises socially anxious individuals. Together, the findings suggest that forming implementation intentions may provide an effective means of handling selfregulatory problems in social anxiety.Word count: 150 (max. 150) KEYWORDS: Self-regulation, implementation intentions, social anxiety, attention Implementation intentions and social anxiety 3 Using Implementation Intentions to Overcome the Effects of Social Anxiety on Attention and Appraisals of PerformanceNumerous theories suggest that differences in attentional responses to threat-related stimuli are an important feature of anxiety disorders (for a review, see Bar-Haim, Lamy, Pergamin, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & van Ijzendoorn, 2007). For example, the cognitive model of social phobia (Clark & Wells, 1995) suggests that the primary fear among socially anxious individuals' is negative evaluation and, as such, they are vigilant for signs that they are being evaluated. Once these evaluative cues are detected (e.g., the person observes a colleague looking at them), Clark and Wells argue that attention is directed toward interoceptive information such as physiological cues that are indicative of anxiety (e.g., an increased heart rate, feelings of blushing, sweating, or dizziness). People with social anxiety then use this interoceptive information to infer how they appear to others (e.g., "I am blushing, so my colleague will think that I am stupid").In an illustrative experiment, Musa, Lepine, Clark, Mansell, and Ehlers (2003) asked participants with social phobia to undertake a variant of the Visual Dot Probe task (VDP; MacLeod, Mathews, & Tata, 1986). Two words were presented simultaneously on a computer screen and one was replaced by either the letter 'E' or the letter 'F'. Participants' task was to indicate which letter was presented. Some words represented social threat (e.g., stupid, pathetic) whereas others were neutral words matched for length and frequency. A measure of attention to social threat was derived by comparing reaction times to probes that replaced social threat versus neutral words, ...