Introduction Commercial cranberry supplements provide a low‐sugar alternative to juices and sweetened fruit consumed for health benefits, but their phytochemical composition and associated biological activity varies depending on the source material and post‐harvest processing. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR) is a rapid and environmentally friendly method of generating metabolic profiles of plant materials that may be used to authenticate cranberry products. Objective The 1H NMR‐based chemometrics were used to characterise variations in metabolic profiles of cranberry supplements in comparison to a whole cranberry powder reference standard. Materials and Methods The secondary metabolite profiles of nine commercial cranberry supplements were compared to a whole cranberry powder reference standard, using 1H‐NMR with Bruker AssureNMR software and principal component analysis (PCA). Content of selected triterpenoids and organic acids was determined by quantitative NMR. Total proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins were determined by established methods. Results PCA of 1H‐NMR spectra showed overlap between the cranberry standard and three supplements, but most products varied substantially in metabolic profile. Metabolites contributing to the observed variance include citric acid and cranberry peel constituents ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and hyperoside. Ursolic, oleanolic, citric, quinic and malic acids were readily determined by quantitative 1H‐NMR in the whole cranberry standard, but were below detection limits in many supplements. Proanthocyanidin and flavonoid content in several products was minimal or below detection limits. Conclusion The 1H‐NMR chemometrics found significant variation in composition of characteristic cranberry metabolites among commercial preparations, reinforcing the need for reliable industry standards
The title compound, C8H4BrNO2·0.5H2O, has a single planar molecule in the asymmetric unit with the non-H atoms having a mean deviation from planarity of 0.028 Å. There is also a half of a water molecule (twofold symmetry) present in the asymmetric unit, which hydrogen bonds with the isatin molecules through O—H...O and N—H...O hydrogen bonds to form a two-dimensional framework in theabplane. There are close Br...O contacts of 2.999 (2) Å to link the layers. The nine-membered rings of the isatin molecules stack along theaaxis with parallel slipped π–π interactions [inter-centroid distances = 3.6989 (19) and 4.1227 (19) Å].
Cranberry consumption has numerous health benefits, with experimental reports showing its anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. Importantly, microbiome research has demonstrated that the gastrointestinal bacterial community modulates host immunity, raising the question of whether the cranberry-derived effect may be related to its ability to modulate the microbiome. Only a few studies have investigated the effect of cranberry products on the microbiome to date. Especially because cranberries are rich in dietary fibers, the extent of microbiome modulation by polyphenols, particularly proanthocyanidins (PACs), remains to be shown. Since previous work has only focused on long-term effects of cranberry extracts, in this study we investigated the effect of a water-soluble, PAC-rich cranberry juice extract (CJE) on the short-term dynamics of a human-derived bacterial community in a gnotobiotic mouse model. CJE characterization revealed a high enrichment in PACs (57%), the highest ever utilized in a microbiome study. In a 37-day experiment with a ten-day CJE intervention and 14-day recovery phase, we profiled the microbiota via 16S rRNA sequencing and applied diverse time-series analytics methods to identify individual bacterial responses. We show that daily administration of CJE induces distinct dynamic patterns in bacterial abundances during and after treatment, before recovering resiliently to pre-treatment levels. Specifically, we observed an increase of Akkermansia muciniphila and Clostridium hiranonis at the expense of Bacteroides ovatus after the offset of the selection pressure imposed by the PAC-rich CJE. This demonstrates that termination of an intervention with a cranberry product can induce changes of a magnitude as high as the intervention itself.
Cranberry consumption has numerous health benefits, with experimental reports showing its anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. Importantly, microbiome research has demonstrated that the gastrointestinal bacterial community modulates host immunity, raising the question whether the cranberry-derived effect may be related to its ability to modulate the microbiome. Only a few studies have investigated the effect of cranberry products on the microbiome to date. Especially because cranberry is rich in dietary fibers, we do not know the extent of microbiome modulation that is caused solely by polyphenols, particularly proanthocyanidins (PACs). Since previous work has only focused on the long-term effects of cranberry extracts, in this study we investigated the effect of a water-soluble, polyphenol-rich cranberry juice extract (CJE) on the short-term dynamics of human-derived bacterial community in a gnotobiotic mouse model. CJE characterization revealed a high enrichment in PACs (57% PACs), the highest ever utilized in a microbiome study. In a 37-day experiment with a 10-day CJE intervention and 14-day recovery time, we profiled the microbiota via 16 rDNA sequencing and applied diverse time-series analytics methods to identify individual bacterial responses. We show that daily administration of CJE induces distinct dynamical patterns in bacterial abundances during and after treatment before recovering resiliently to pre-treatment levels. Specifically, we observed an increase of the immunomodulatory mucin degrading Akkermansia muciniphila after treatment, suggesting intestinal mucus accumulation due to CJE. Interestingly, this expansion coincided with an increase in the abundance of butyrate-producing Clostridia, a group of microbes known to promote numerous adaptive and innate anti-inflammatory phenotypes.
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