Several data sets collected on the Mobley, Horner, and Hollingsworth (1978) model of turnover were re-analyzed with path analytic techniques. Data analyses revealed support for three general hypotheses proposed by Mobley et al. These were: (1) that age has an indirect effect on turnover through job satisfaction, (2) that job satisfaction has an indirect effect on turnover through withdrawal cognitions, and (3) that intention to quit is the immediate precursor of turnover. Although the data supported these hypotheses, inconsistencies were apparent in the data for many specific linkages proposed by Mobley et al. Possible reasons for these inconsistencies include: (1) diversity of samples studied, (2) the unmeasured variables problem, and (3) construct measurement problems. The use of a causal modeling approach developed by Joreskog & Sorborm (1978) is proposed as a possible solution to some of these problems in future research.
The construct validity of Wechsler Memory Scale Logical Memory, Paired Associate Learning and Visual Reproduction subtests was evaluated, as well as the validity of the Benton Visual Retention Test, and the two memory factor scales of the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB). The results of a series of factor analyses based on test performances of 102 subjects indicated that delayed reproduction measures of visual memory were more valid than the traditional immediate reproduction administrations, which were more closely associated with visual-perceptual-motor abilities. Construct validity was also demonstrated for Logical Memory and Paired Associate Learning. Although both LNNB measures loaded on a memory factor, item heterogeneity and brief sampling of items raised serious questions about the clinical utility of these scales.
Many researchers have used backward masking to examine information-processing speed in schizophrenic subjects. The validity of this approach rests upon two main assumptions. One is that the mask effectively limits the time a previously presented stimulus is available for processing. The other is that the components of the masking mechanism in schizophrenic subjects are comparable to those in control groups. It is argued that the masking procedures used in these studies fail to meet either assumption. Alternative interpretations of these investigations, however, suggest important hypotheses for further research in our quest to understand information-processing deficits associated with schizophrenia.
The WAIS and Wechsler Memory Scale subtest scores of 256 neurologic and nonneurologic subjects were factor analyzed. The results supported the construct validity of the Wechsler Memory Scale as a measure of verbal learning and memory, attention and concentration, and orientation. Construct validity was not demonstrated for the Visual Reproduction subtest as a measure of visual memory. Suggestions are offered for future development and research on measures of visual memory.
Contrary to the assertions of many researchers and alternative practitioners, established methodologies (eg, experimental trials, observational epidemiology, social survey research) and data-analytic procedures (eg, analysis of variance, logistic regression, multivariate modeling techniques) are quite satisfactory for addressing the majority of study questions related to alternative medicine, from clinical research on therapeutic efficacy to basic science research on mechanisms of pathogenesis and recovery.
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