Masculinity ideologies inform expectations for how men should behave, and one important realm of behavior is that of interpersonal relationships. Conforming to Western-defined traditional male role norms has been linked to numerous aspects of relational health and functioning. However, as masculinity ideologies reflect the internalization of cultural beliefs and attitudes about men's roles, the associations between masculine ideologies and interpersonal functioning could differ by racial cultural group. This study examined differences between White and African American men's endorsements of traditional masculinity ideology and compared the associations between masculinity ideology and interpersonal competencies with relationship partners and coworkers. Although there were few differences in the endorsement of male role norms between the two groups, canonical correlations indicated different patterns of associations with coworkers and relationship partners for White and African American men. The endorsement of the Toughness role norm was strongly and inversely related to interpersonal competencies for White men, but was not significantly related to interpersonal competencies for African American men. The Status norm was inversely related to interpersonal competencies for White men, but positively related to competencies for African American men. Research and practice implications are discussed.

The present study suggests that nicotinic stimulation does not work to enhance perceptual salience of target stimuli (experiment 2), nor does it work through better deployment of preparatory working attention (experiment 1). An alternative explanation that nicotine promotes PM detection by facilitating disengagement from the ongoing task is suggested as a future line of investigation.

The Digit Span subtest was significantly revised for the WAIS-IV as an ordinal sequencing trial was added to increase working memory demands. The present investigation sought to validate an expanded version of Reliable Digit Span (RDS-R) as well as age-corrected scaled score (ACSS) from the recently revised Digit Span. Archival data were collected from 259 veterans completing the WAIS-IV Digit Span subtest and Word Memory Test (WMT). Veterans failing the WMT performed significantly worse (p < .001) on the ACSS, RDS-R, and traditional RDS. Operational characteristics of the ACSS, RDS-R, and RDS were essentially equivalent; however, sensitivity was quite modest when selecting cutoffs with strong specificity. While current results suggest that Digit Span effort indices can contribute to the detection of suboptimal effort, additional symptom validity indicators should be employed to compensate for limited sensitivity.

When used in conjunction with other PVTs, these new embedded PVTs may be effective in the detection of invalid test data, although they are not intended for use in patients with dementia.

Masculinity ideology is the endorsement of a set of culturally based male role norms that influences gender-related attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. However, masculinity research has been criticized for not being inclusive enough of different cultures. This study explored the cultural and relational components of masculinity by comparing 564 Turkish, Norwegian, and U.S. men's endorsement of masculinity ideology and examining the associations between masculinity ideology and interpersonal attitudes and behavioral competencies with romantic partners and work colleagues separately for the three groups of men. Norwegian men had significantly lower scores on a measure of masculinity ideology than both Turkish and U.S. men. Canonical correlation analyses revealed that all three groups of men had significant associations between male role norms and interpersonal relationship variables, but the patterns of association differed by country. Generally, endorsement of traditional male role norms was associated with poorer interpersonal competencies for men in all three countries, although the associations were much stronger for the Norwegian sample. Implications, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed. Keywords gender/sex roles, interpersonal relationships, cultural psychologyAs researchers study gendered behavior in men's lives, recent attention has focused on the construct of masculinity. The social constructionist perspective considers masculinity as "a culturally based ideology scripting gender relations, attitudes, and beliefs" (Thompson & Pleck, 1995, Lease et al. 85 p. 130). Masculinity is defined as the combination of the practices, ideologies, and historical norms that cultures use to define what it means to be a man (Levant, 2008). The understanding of masculinity ideology is rooted in a particular cultural group's perspectives of gender and may differ by culture (Pleck, Sonenstein, & Ku, 1993), but masculinity research has been criticized for not being inclusive enough of different cultural perspectives (Whorley & Addis, 2006).Constructions of what is termed as traditional masculinity ideology are often based in a Western perspective of hegemonic masculinity that emphasizes the dominant position of men over women and other men who do not adhere to the culturally defined conventional masculinity (e.g., those who identify as gay, non-White, non-Western) (Gerami, 2005;Hatty, 2000). This hegemonic masculinity may not be the most commonly enacted masculinity, but it is the socially normative pattern of masculinity requiring that all men in the particular culture position themselves in relation to it (Connell & Messerschmidt, 2005). Characteristics associated with traditional U.S. hegemonic masculinity include the restriction of emotion; being tough, aggressive, or self-reliant; emphasis on the achievement of status; and above all, an avoidance of all things deemed feminine (Levant, 1996). Behaviors such as help-seeking, emotional connection and support, compromise, empathic understanding,...