To determine the effects of prescribed training programs on 5 physical fitness test items, each of 50 high school boys participated for 10 wk. in one of three programs (wrestling, softball, and plyometrics; weight training; and weight training and plyometrics). (a) On the sit-ups, 40-yd. dash, vertical jump, and pull-ups, each group improved significantly from pre- to posttest. (b) On the shuttle run, none of the groups improved significantly from pre- to posttest. (c) On the vertical jump, groups had a significant effect, but the interaction was nonsignificant. No effects were significant.
To determine the effects of participation in selected physical activities on scores of self-concept, body-cathexis and four items of health-related fitness, 88 women in university physical education service classes participated 3 hr. per week for 8 wk. in one of five activities (aerobic dance, jogging for fitness, swimming for fitness, life saving, and weight training). A total of 108 subjects participated in the study, with 20 students in health science classes serving as the controls. Few differences were noted between the activity groups and the controls on the posttest with pretest scores controlled. Specifically, joggers and aerobic dancers performed significantly more situps than did the controls, and joggers, aerobic dancers, weight trainers, and those in the lifesaving group displayed significantly greater flexibility on the sit and reach test than did the controls, on the posttest. None of the activity groups differed from the controls regarding self-esteem, body cathexis, body fat, or the step test scores at posttest.
There are few reports concerning the physiologic alterations that occur following a specified period of aerobic dance. Further, no data exist to describe the physiologic changes or potential risk associated with using hand-held weights during aerobic dance. The purpose of this study was to determine the changes in maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and body composition following 8 weeks of aerobic dance using hand-held weights (Heavyhands, AMF, Jefferson, IA). Twenty-eight college females volunteered for the study. All subjects were given a preoxygen and postoxygen uptake (VO2 max) treadmill test. Body composition was measured by taking the sum of five skinfold sites and determining the percent change following training. Subjects were randomly assigned to a hand-held weight or nonhand-held weight group. No significant differences (P less than 0.05) existed between groups for VO2 max and body composition after 8 weeks of training. However, a significant improvement (P less than 0.05) in VO2 max was found within the hand-held weight (37.7 to 42.6) and in the nonhand-held weight group (36.5 to 41.9). Complaints from subjects included transient aches and pains in the shoulder area during the first 3 weeks as a result of hand-held weight use. These findings suggest that hand-held weights may be used safely but do not increase the work load sufficiently above that of aerobic dance alone to significantly modify VO2 max or body composition.
ObjectivesAuditory hallucinations (such as hearing voices) are common in clinical and non‐clinical populations. Many people who hear voices also report early adversity and have an insecure attachment style. Current cognitive models suggest that dissociation mediates an association between disorganised attachment and auditory hallucinations, but this has not been tested experimentally.DesignWe recruited a non‐clinical analogue sample highly predisposed to auditory hallucinations and utilised an experimental design to examine the impact of disorganised attachment imagery on hallucinatory experiences, and whether dissociation mediates an expected association.MethodsParticipants completed self‐report measures of state auditory hallucinations and dissociation before and after random allocation to secure or disorganised attachment conditions.ResultsAttachment imagery did not affect auditory hallucinations. Both secure and disorganised attachment conditions increased state dissociation. Secure attachment imagery reduced paranoia, but state dissociation did not mediate this effect. An exploratory analysis found that trait dissociation fully accounted for the association between trait‐disorganised attachment and hallucinatory experience while controlling for paranoia.ConclusionsSecure attachment imagery reduces paranoia but not auditory hallucinations and the impact on paranoia is not mediated by dissociation. Secure attachment imagery may be useful in reducing fears and distress associated with voices, rather than the frequency or severity of hallucinations. Disorganised attachment may increase hallucinatory experiences for people vulnerable to dissociation. Trait dissociation should be assessed in clinical settings and addressed where indicated as a means of targeting vulnerability to distressing voices.
To determine possible predictors of grades assigned by graduate teaching assistants in physical education service programs, average grade assignments of 20 assistants for one quarter, collected over 2 yr., were compared with demographic data, teaching experience, GRE scores, total score on the Tennessee Self-concept Scale, and teachers' ratings. Bivariate correlations indicated that the average grade assigned by assistants was related significantly to sex, marital status, and global self-concept; however, age, teaching experience in public schools, total GRE scores, and students' ratings of teachers' effectiveness were not related significantly to the mean grades assigned to students.
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