No abstract

Male newborns conceived by IVF have a 5-fold increased risk of hypospadias, which may be related to maternal progesterone administration, or other maternal or fetal endocrine abnormalities that may or may not be related to infertility. Health care providers should be aware of this risk so that they can properly counsel infertile couples seeking assisted reproduction by IVF technology.

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We propose major and minor criteria to assist in the prenatal diagnosis of cloacal exstrophy. Despite these major and minor criteria the certainty of establishing a prenatal diagnosis remains challenging. Persistence of the cloacal membrane beyond the first trimester in 1 patient was an exception to the classic concept of cloacal exstrophy embryogenesis. An accurate prenatal diagnosis requires validation of these criteria by further correlation of prenatal and postnatal observations.

After exstrophy reconstruction the penis is short in adulthood, at least partially due to a congenital deficiency of corporeal tissue. Since diastasis of the pubic symphysis and chordee decrease penile visibility, approximation of the pubic symphysis and procedures to straighten the penis may improve cosmesis. However, because the corpora cavernosa are short, after exstrophy reconstruction the penis will always be shorter than normal in adulthood.