The photolysis of iodo aromatic compounds has been employed as the key step in new synthetic routes to aporphines. Photocyclization of l-(2'-iodobenzyl)-l,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline hydrochlorides (18, 19, 10, 11) yielded noraporphines 29 and 30 and aporphines 33 and 34 directly. Photocyclization of N-acyl-l-(2'-iodobenxyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines (14-17) followed by hydrolysis gave noraporphines 25-28. Photolysis of urethanes 12 and 13 afforded substituted dehydronoraporphines 23 and 24, and two-step reduction gave (=I=)aporphine (33) and (&)-nuciferine (34). Photolysis of iV-carbophe1ioxy-l-(2'-iodobcnzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines 20 and 21 followed by one-step reduction afforded good yields of (A=)-aporphine (33) and (*)-nuciferine (34). The routes via photocyclimtion of N-acyl iodo aromatic compounds have yielded oxygenated aporphines and noraporphines in the best yields reported to date.
This article evaluates the role of Frank Lidgett McDougall, Australian economist, businessman and public servant, in the creation of the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). It traces McDougall’s development from an advocate of preferential trade within the British Empire to his embrace of a broader, more internationalist, concept of nutrition. By the mid‐1930s, McDougall’s advocacy of policies to improve nutrition worldwide through “marrying health and agriculture” led to the Australian government’s advocacy of such policies in the League of Nations. McDougall was successful in persuading Australian policy makers that proposals to improveworldwide nutritional levels were also in Australia’s best interest, by increasing demand for Australian agricultural exports. Finally, McDougall’s significant personal role in the establishment of the FAO is assessed as the culmination of his career as a major behind‐the‐scenes architect of public policy.
This paper discusses how the film The Banshees of Inisherin represents and employs key sociological concepts and ideas, namely those of liminality, schismogenesis, stasis and transgression, relating to the social pathologies of contemporary civilization.
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