The standard procedure adopted up to the present in proteome analysis calls for just reduction prior to the isoelectric focusing/immobilized pH gradient (IEF/IPG) step, followed by a second reduction/alkylation step in between the first and second dimension, in preparation for the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) step. This protocol is far from being optimal. It is here demonstrated, by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF)-mass spectrometry, that failure to reduce and alkylate proteins prior to any electrophoretic step (including the first dimension) results in a large number of spurious spots in the alkaline pH region, due to "scrambled" disulfide bridges among like and unlike chains. This series of artefactual spots comprises not only dimers, but an impressive series of oligomers (up to nonamers) in the case of simple polypeptides such as the human alpha- and beta-globin chains, which possess only one (alpha-) or two (beta-) -SH groups. As a result, misplaced spots are to be found in the resulting two-dimensional (2-D) map, if performed with the wrong protocol. The number of such artefactual spots can be impressively large. In the case of analysis of complex samples, such as human plasma, it is additionally shown that failure to alkylate proteins results in a substantial loss of spots in the alkaline gel region, possibly due to the fact that these proteins, at their pI, regenerate their disulfide bridges with concomitant formation of macroaggregates which become entangled with and trapped within the polyacrylamide gel fibers. This strongly quenches their transfer in the subsequent SDS-PAGE step.

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This paper examines the effect of financial stability on the economic growth of countries in Sub-Saharan Africa using the World Development Indicators Data. To select the appropriate model best fits for the data, the Hausman test was used to select Random Effect Estimator over Fixed Effect Estimator to assess the relationship between the variables. Panel data was collected on Sub-Saharan Africa countries from 2010 to 2019 to predict the effect of financial stability on economic growth. The paper revealed that financial stability accounted for 71.8% of the variation of a country's economic growth for the period other things being equal. It recommends that financial regulators within Sub-Saharan African should provide prudential policies aim at attaining higher economic growth should target both monetary and fiscal policies as well market discipline.

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