In 1958, the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) initiated a cooperative program to investigate the problem of short filter runs as experienced by water treatment plants using Lake Michigan as a source of water supply. A research committee was appointed to cooperate with the Chicago regional office of USPHS. This group initiated plans and established the following objectives for the project: to determine the magnitude of the short filter run problem; to identify the specific adverse effects of short filter runs; to identify the water quality and other conditions which contribute to poor sedimentation and short runs; to investigate the methods by which the various treatment plants have attempted to solve the problem; to evaluate the additional cost of treatment and the losses of revenue; and, to develop new treatment methods or improvements on existing methods under adverse water quality conditions, and thereby provide a more satisfactory operating cycle, particularly during peak‐demand periods. Field procedures are discussed, along with plankton counts, summary of filter run, causes of clogging, cost estimates, treatment index, and polyelectrolytes. Certain tentative conclusions are provided from the available data and from the results of already completed analyses.
This article discusses the water quality effects of multiple uses of watersheds. Of primary concern is the design, and operation and maintenance of waste treatment plants. Federal and state control pressures, for design and operation, development of training opportunities for waste treatment plant operations, technical experts for solving the many anomalies, and incentive in the form of dollars are the key elements needed to close design and operating gaps. Spill pollution is an ever‐present threat to all watersheds from a variety of potential sources. The development of legislative relief measures to accelerate the development of a workable prevention program, the further refinement of surveillance and notification for spill situations, and the blending of a federal‐state government reaction capability, drawing heavily on industry, appear to be program approaches applicable to all river basins and coastal areas. Finally, the need for waste control from watercraft calls for development of uniform regulations, effective onboard treatment or control systems, and shore‐based support facilities.
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