Conspecific brood parasitism (CBP), whereby females lay eggs in the nests of other conspecifics, occurs in over 200 species of birds. As an alternative tactic to typical nesting, CBP expands and enriches the classic avian clutch size problem. It is an integral component of a flexible life-history strategy and, consequently, many intriguing aspects of this behavior-adaptive benefits to parasites, host-parasite interactions, population and evolutionary dynamics-can be understood best from a life-history perspective. Because parasite fitness depends on hosts, yet parasitism potentially reduces host fitness, CBP offers a novel opportunity to explore conflicts of interest within species. The intersection of life-history evolution, conflicts of interest, and frequency-dependent fitness provides much scope for theoretical exploration, and recent models indicate a complex range of evolutionary dynamics is possible, including consequences of CBP for population dynamics and conservation. CBP may also be a macroevolutionary stepping stone to diverse breeding systems.
pre-hatch brood amalgamation, whereby a female lays her eggs in the nest of another female and the recipient thereafter provides all further care of the eggs and resulting offspring, and (ii) post-hatch brood amalgamation, whereby a female abandons or loses her young to another female after hatch, and the recipient subsequently tends the foster young. Some authors have viewed these behaviours as accidental or aberrant and of little evolutionary significance. More recently, a number of alternative hypotheses have been suggested. However, few of these hypotheses have been contrasted as viable alternatives and tested in the field, largely because an appropriate theoretical framework is lacking. We analyze the frequency of occurrence of brood amalgamation in North American anatids. We also review the hypotheses that have been proposed to explain these behaviours and erect a theoretical framework which applies to the evolution of both pre-hatch and post-hatch brood amalgamation, and which may apply to species other than those of the Anatidae. Finally, we show that the occurrence of brood amalgamation in North American waterfowl may be associated with low relative resource availability and K-type life-history traits. EADIE, J. McA., KEHOE, F. P., et NUDDS, T. D. 1988. Pre-hatch and post-hatch brood amalgamation in North American Anatidae: a review of hypotheses. Can. J. Zool. 66 : 1709 -172 1. Deux formes de fusion de couvCes se produisent frCquemment chez plusieurs espkces d'oiseaux de rivage nord-amCricains : ( i ) fusion des couvCes avant 1'Cclosion : certaines femelles pondent leurs oeufs dans le nid d'une autre femelle et la femelle rCcipiendaire donne alors tous les soins aux oeufs et aux oisillons qui en rCsultent et (ii) fusion des couvCes aprks 1'Cclosion :certaines femelles abandonnent leurs oisillons a une autre femelle ou les perdent aprks 1'Cclosion et la femelle rkcipiendaire assure alors les soins aux petits qu'elle adopte. Certains auteurs considkrent ces comportements comme accidentels ou aberrants et de peu d'importance Cvolutive. Plus rCcemment, d'autres hypothkses ont Ct C proposCes, mais peu ont Ct C retenues ou CprouvCes en nature, en grande partie parce qu'elles ne sont reliCes a aucun cadre thCorique appropriC. On trouvera ici une analyse de la frCquence de fusion des couvCes chez les Anatidae nord-amkricains, de meme qu'une rCvision des hypothkses proposCes pour expliquer ces comportements; cette rCvision nous permet d'Ctablir un cadre thCorique qui peut s'appliquer a 1'Cvolution de la fusion prC-Cclosion et de la fusion post-Cclosion des couvCes et qui peut convenir aussi a des espkces autres que les Anatidae. I1 est possible que la fusion des couvCes chez la sauvagine nord-amCricaine soit associCe a une disponibilitk relative faible des ressources et a des caractkristiques d'une stratCgie dkmographique de type K.[Traduit par la revue]
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