Worldwide radionavigation systems in use today have evolved over the past 50 years to meet common national and international requirements for transportation. This has been possible through the coordinated efforts of the member states of international organizations. Today, government, industry, and user enthusiasm for applying advances in radiolocation and communications technology is challenging the conventional, slow but methodical international administrative machinery. In an attempt to speed up the regulatory process, some nations and organizations—driven by special interests—are developing unilateral initiatives. This paper examines the mandatory procedures that must be followed under U.S. law to become a signatory to an international agreement, and reviews the current international agreements covering worldwide radionavigation systems.
The OMEGA Navigation System, consisting of eight transmitting stations operating in the 10–14 kHz frequency spectrum, is scheduled to be completed by the end of 1974. When fully operational, navigation using relatively simple equipment will be possible at essentially any point on the globe. To improve positioning accuracy, a technique of differential OMEGA can be employed to remove propagation errors introduced by diurnal height shifts of the ionosphere and other causes. This paper discusses some possible limitations to the differential technique and presents a sample of data obtained during an experiment performed during the period January to April 1972 for the U. S. Coast Guard. Also discussed are the effects on accuracy of power line harmonic interference on short term phase stability.
This, and the following four papers, were first presented at the NAV99/ILA28 Conference on ‘Loran-C, Satellite and Integrated Systems for the 21st Century’ held at Church House, Westminster, London, 1st–3rd November 1999.Just 25 years ago, the author presented a paper at the 30th Annual Meeting of the United States Institute of Navigation (ION) entitled ‘Radionavigation in North America, the Next 25 Years’. The paper received much attention and was given the ION's Burka Award for the best paper of the year. The author attempted to predict the worldwide implementation of Loran-C and Omega while acknowledging that satellite technology was on the horizon. ‘Global Radionavigation – The Next 50 Years and Beyond’ builds on the previous paper and is an attempt to define the future of global radionavigation based upon a mix of terrestrial and satellite systems. The time it takes for satellite systems and augmentations to mature and the reasons for this extended period provide the foundation of the paper. Also discussed are: the time to achieve a full constellation of space vehicles having signal specifications that meet the requirements for safety-of-life, the political complexities to achieve international harmonisation of service, and the use of a common worldwide protected frequency spectrum. The need for terrestrial complements is presented from the standpoint of supporting satellite systems and as a back-up in the event of loss of satellite services.
a review of existing Very Low Frequency and Low Frequency transmissions that can be used for navigation, position and location, tracking and rendezvous is given. This includes the USSR Loran–C system, the USSR Very Low Frequency navigational aid (VLF), the international Omega system, the U. S. Navy VLF communications system, and those transmissions employed in the international time dissemination network. The characteristics of these various systems are discussed in relation to various applications. The potential and limitations to accuracy of the various systems are presented. A number of applications are described. In particular, the use of retransmission techniques for positioning of remote objects and differential techniques for enhancing accuracy are discussed. A piece of equipment is described which has been designed to utilize signals transmitted by the various navigation systems and an intermix of these transmissions. The simultaneous use of two or more systems to remove ambiguity and determine absolute position is described. The paper concludes that the VLF and LF transmissions are compatible and should co‐exist and are not necessarily redundant. Several references are given which include descriptions of the various systems and studies that have been performed analyzing and comparing performance.
It has been the navigator's dream to have available at all times an accurate all weather global navigation system. This dream has an excellent chance of being realized within the next decade using currently available technology, providing the problems of system implementation are adequately addressed on an international scale. By definition, Global Radio Navigation requires that radio transmissions can be received without interference on land, at sea and in the air no matter what the sovereignty of the reception point may be. Frequency spectrum utilization on a non–interference basis and publication of radio navigational transmission specifications are considered to be two important prerequisites for adoption of any system for global use. Differing national requirements and conflict between navigation for national security and for civilian purposes pose a significant challenge for national decisiveness and international cooperation. Two land based long range navigational systems, Loran–C and Omega are currently being implemented and in the future there exists a possibility for an operational global satellite navigation system, all of which suggest that now is the time for action. This paper addresses the need for publication of firm technical specifications of the Loran–C and Omega System and the need for definition of the frequency spectrum required by these navigational signal transmissions. The paper discusses specific technical areas needing attention prior to the World Administrative Radio Conference to be held in Geneva in 1979 under the auspices of the International Telecommunication Union.
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