Organic and polymer materials have
been extensively investigated
as electrode materials for rechargeable batteries because of the low
cost, abundance, environmental benignity, and high sustainability.
To date, organic electrode materials have been applied in a large
variety of energy storage devices, including nonaqueous Li-ion, Na-ion,
K-ion, dual-ion, multivalent-metal, aqueous, all-solid-state, and
redox flow batteries, because of the universal properties of organic
electrode materials. Moreover, some organic materials enable the batteries
to be operated in the extreme conditions, such as a wide temperature
range (−70 to 150 °C), a wide pH range, and in the presence
of O2. As a guidance for the research in organic batteries,
this Review focuses on the reaction mechanisms and applications of
organic electrode materials. Six categories of reaction mechanisms
and the applications of organic and polymer materials in various rechargeable
batteries are discussed to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art
organic batteries.
Autophony and the patulous Eustachian tube is a real but rare clinical entity often misdiagnosed because the symptoms so mimic those of middle ear effusion. The diagnosis is made by the history of fullness or blockage and hearing ones own voice and breath sounds in the ear. The drum is usually atrophic and moves with respiration but this may not be visible. The usual past history is of weight loss. The diagnostic test is to observe a regular increase or decrease in middle ear pressure when increasing or decreasing the ambient pressure while measuring the impedance in a pressure chamber. The usual variations in pressure with opening and closing of the tube are not seen because the tube remains open all the time. Few patients need operative intervention and explanation is all that is usually required. When surgical treatment is necessary the application of 20% silver nitrate to the lumen of the tube on a wire covered by cotton has given results with few complications. Injection of Teflon® paste anterior to the mouth of the Eustachian tube has been stopped by the manufacturer of the paste because of serious complications caused by the Teflon® paste being accidently injected into the internal carotid artery.
Why some patients with a patulous tube and movement of the drum with respiration have no symptoms and other patients with very bothersome symptoms have so few objective signs and no movement of the drum, that can be observed with respiration, remains a mystery that needs further study.
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