No abstract

Given the widespread application of qualitative research approaches and methods, it is necessary to develop guidelines for reporting qualitative research, as well as standards for assessing such research. Although qualitative research operates within a different paradigm from quantitative research, the same overarching criteria of rigor and credibility must be applied. Particular elements of background, methods, analysis, findings, and conclusions should be addressed in any qualitative manuscript submitted to the Journal of Counseling & Development.

The author examines the effects of long-term unemployment on the family, the marital relationship, and, finally, the child. The impact of financial hardship, stress, and emotional upheaval are discussed as they affect the family system. Counseling interventions are presented to assist the counselor in addressing the needs of children in these families.

The authors provide an overview of the psychosocial impact of unemployment. Case studies, based on interviews with the long-term unemployed during 1988 and 1989 are presented to highlight the Personal Employment Identity Model. The PEIM is a service delivery paradigm designed to assist counselors when working with the unemployed. It utilizes an individuals's ego identity in relation to their self identification with their previous work role to recommend interventions. Interventions will vary according to the inherent and expressed needs of the individual on the continuum of the Personal Employment Identity Model.

Preferences for Western versus traditional health care providers were assessed in 27 older (M = 61.5 years) and 21 younger (M = 22.6 years) American Indians living on the Navaho reservation. Participants were read standardized vignettes depicting diagnosable physical and emotional illnesses, and they completed a series of forced-choice questions indicating their preference for traditional or Western health care providers for treating these conditions. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess health care provider preference with age, interviewer, and illness type as independent variables. Medical doctors were preferred over all other health care providers for physical problems, and this was particularly true for the younger group. Although it was anticipated that the older participants would favor traditional healers and the younger participants would prefer Western options, there was no main effect for age. This lack of differentiation by age in provider preference was interpreted in terms of informal utilization patterns and the role of the family referral system inherent in this group of indigenous adults.