Glutathione (GSH) deficiency is associated with numerous pathological conditions. Administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a cysteine prodrug, replenishes intracellular GSH levels. NAC, best known for its ability to counter acetaminophen toxicity, is a safe, well-tolerated antidote for cysteine/GSH deficiency. NAC has been used successfully to treat GSH deficiency in a wide range of infections, genetic defects and metabolic disorders, including HIV infection and COPD. Over two-thirds of 46 placebo-controlled clinical trials with orally administered NAC have indicated beneficial effects of NAC measured either as trial endpoints or as general measures of improvement in quality of life and well-being of the patients.

T cell receptors consist either of an α-chain combined with a β-chain or a γ-chain combined with a δ-chain. αβ T cells constitute the majority of T cells in human blood throughout life. Flow cytometric analyses presented in this study, which focus on the representation of the developmental (naive and memory) subsets of γδ T cells, show by function and phenotype that this lineage contains both naive and memory cells. In addition, we show that the representation of naive T cells is higher among αβ than γδ T cells in adults and that the low frequency of naive γδ T cells in adults reflects ontological differences between the two major γδ subsets, which are distinguished by expression of Vδ1 vs Vδ2 δ-chains. Vδ1 cells, which mirror αβ cells with respect to naive representation, predominate during fetal and early life, but represent the minority of γδ cells in healthy adults. In contrast, Vδ2 cells, which constitute the majority of adult γδ cells, show lower frequencies of naive cells than Vδ1 early in life and show vanishingly small naive frequencies in adults. In essence, nearly all naive Vδ2 cells disappear from blood by 1 year of life. Importantly, even in children less than 1 year old, most of the nonnaive Vδ2 cells stain for perforin and produce IFN-γ after short-term in vitro stimulation. This represents the earliest immunological maturation of any lymphocyte compartment in humans and most likely indicates the importance of these cells in controlling pathology due to common environmental challenges.

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