From September 2013, the UK government has shifted the balance of initial teacher training (ITT) provision from higher education to ‘School Direct’, a school‐centred and employment‐based route. The National Association for the Teaching of English has conducted an online survey of professional opinion on these changes. 730 individual educators completed the survey; 382 supplemented their responses with written comments. These responses reveal considerable doubt as to whether a school will be able to resource key elements of teacher training. The majority of respondents fear that the quality of trainees' subject knowledge, understanding of educational purposes and processes, and classroom preparedness will all decline. Trainees will be less well tutored and mentored and an impoverished overall experience of teacher education may affect morale. Employers will find difficulty in filling posts appropriately and the national/regional balance of job supply and demand will be affected. Regional provision of ITT will be more variable and worse overall. Many respondents believe that University‐led training allows trainees to reflect on and learn from multiple teaching placements through contact with their tutor, their peers, and other learning communities. A wise educational policy would not destroy a teacher training culture that has developed over many decades.
Clay-with-flints rests on remnants of the exhumed sub-Eocene surface, which is shown to be an important geomorphological feature of the West Sussex Downs. Mineralogical and other soil profile studies indicate that the deposit has developed by the action of cryoturbation and soil-forming processes on a thin cover of Reading Beds clay left on the sub-Eocene surface during the southward recession of a small Eocene escarpment. Two horizons corresponding to Claywith-flints sensu strict0 of Loveday (1962) are recognized. The basal horizon is composed partly of insoluble Chalk residue, but mainly of clay moved down from overlying horizons into the spaces left on dissolution of the Chalk at the junction of the Chalk with the base of the Clay-with-flints. The upper horizon ie composed of material from weathered remnants of Reading Beds clay, thoroughly mixed by cryoturbation with flints, other insoluble Chalk residue and clay from former basal horizons. The surface horizone of the soils often include additions of loess.Introduction THE term 'Clay-with-flints' has been used by various authors in different wa s and discussion of the literature is hindered by the lack of precise stiff brown and red cla containing unworn flints that lies on the Upper the Chalk, that it often contains uartz pebbles and fragments of sandbase. He distinguished mixed deposits of loam and sandy clay, which he termed 'Brick-earth', from Cla -with-flints, and noted that Clay-withwaste of Reading Beds sand and clay, gut suggested (1889) that the two could conveniently be ma ed together as Brick-earth bordered b de 22 'tions. Whitaker (Hull and Whitaker, 1861) first described it as a Chalk of southern Eng r and. He noted that the deposit often fills pipes in stone, and that a few inches of b 1 ack flinty clay commonly occur at its fits is commonly overlain by t K ese de osits, which he interpreted as the Clay-with-flints'. On t h e s e w Series Geolo deposits have subsequently been Many later workers attempted to within this broad mapping unit. Loveday (1958, 1962) summarized and discussed literature on Clay-with-flints; he restricted the use of the term 'Clay-with-flints' to a distinctive reddish highly tenacious clay that immediately overlies the Chalk and contains mainly nodular flints and broken portions thereof. He defined this as 'Clay-with-flints s m stricto' and described its characteristic roperties. natura e dissolution of the Chalk would produce a 'stony desert of angular flints', Wooldridge and Linton (1955, p. 55) and Wooldridge and Goldring (1953, p. I 17) assumed that 'true Clay-with-flints' is a residual In s ite of the assertions of Ju K es-Browne (1906) and Reid (1899) that
SUMMARYSoil mapping and soil profile studies on the Chalk of south-east England outline the distribution and origin of superficial deposits more clearly than hitherto, and do not support the widely accepted history of landscape development proposed by Wooldridge and Linton (1955). Deposits formed by weathering and periglacial disturbance of a thin cover of basal Tertiary deposits occur on all parts of the dip-slope interfluves, suggesting that the exhumed sub-Tertiary surface, somewhat lowered by dissolution of the Chalk, is much more extensive than supposed by Wooldridge and Linton. The evidence for high Plio-Pleistocene sea levels is reviewed, with particular reference to their limited effect on soils and superficial deposits and on the morphology of the dip-slope. Alternative explanations for the so-called Calabrian marine platform and cliff are considered. Emphasis is placed on periglacial processes in the later Pleistocene denudation of the Chalk, and on the protective role played by the cover of disturbed basal Tertiary sediment.KEY WORDS Soils and geomorphology Chalk South-east England Sub-tertiary surface Clay-with-flints Calabrian Dissolution.
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