Apart from the rare malignant melanomas occurring in blue nevi, primary cutaneous malignant melanoma arises in 1 of 3 ways, regardless of the presence or absence of a pre‐existing nevus. These three types have been designated: 1. Malignant melanoma, invasive, with adjacent intra‐epidermal component of Hutchinson's melanotic freckle type; 2. Malignant melanoma, invasive, with adjacent intra‐epidermal component of superficial spreading type; and 3. Malignant melanoma, invasive, without adjacent intra‐epidermal component. Occasionally, both clinically and histologically, there may be difficulty in deciding whether a malignant melanoma belongs to category 1 or 2, but, in the majority of cases, these 2 types can be quite readily distinguished. In addition to recording the histogenetic mode of development of a malignant melanoma, a histologic system of reporting is recommended which includes mitotic activity, levels of invasion, and vascular involvement. There are other parameters such as the cell type, pigmentation, lymphocytic infiltrates, evidence of spontaneous regression, associated nevi, and solar changes in the dermis, all of which are of unknown significance. The recording of these features, which are clearly of interest for research purposes, is left to individual discretion. It is emphasized that all the usual macroscopic descriptions and measurements should continue to be recorded.

Management costs are rarely taken into account in marine protected area (MPA) design. We estimate the management costs of two different protection scenarios within a large proposed MPA, the Coral Sea in Australia. We use three methods to estimate costs: an existing model of global MPA management costs; a new statistical model based on Australian MPA management costs; and expert estimates that extrapolate from the adjacent Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Both the new statistical model and expert estimates were relevant to both protection scenarios and indicate that a single large no-take reserve is less expensive to manage than a multiple-use MPA of the same area with a 30% no-take component. Expenses associated with compliance drive the difference in management cost between scenarios. Estimating management costs of MPA scenarios adds an important, though still challenging, financial perspective to MPA design.

Neuroendocrine tumor (NET) of the appendix is the most common gastrointestinal epithelial tumor in children. The utility of serum markers or the indication for hemicolectomy has not been established in children. In 45 children diagnosed with appendiceal NET, 89% NETs were incidentally found following appendectomy performed for suspected acute appendicitis. The median age was 12 years, and 56% patients were female. Postoperative somatostatin scan (n=5), serum chromogranin A (n=4), and urine 5-HIAA (n=9) were all within normal limits. Pathology slides of 35 patients showed mesoappendiceal invasion in 29% patients, and vascular invasion in 6% patients. Seven patients (16%) underwent hemicolectomy for invasion of mesoappendix (n=5), tumor near the resection margin (n=1), and tumor size 1.5 cm with vascular invasion (n=1). Only 2 hemicolectomy specimens showed disease: one in the appendiceal stump and the other as a micrometastasis in a mesenteric lymph node. There were no recurrences and all patients were alive and without evidence of disease at last follow-up. Pediatric appendiceal NET tends to have a benign clinical course with excellent prognosis. In the absence of carcinoid syndrome, postoperative scans and serum biomarkers do not seem to be useful. With completely resected tumors, the indication for hemicolectomy is unclear.

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