BACKGROUNDOne of the primary goals of critical care medicine is to support adequate gas exchange without iatrogenic sequelae. An emerging method of delivering supplemental oxygen is intravenously rather than via the traditional inhalation route. The objective of this study was to evaluate the gas-exchange effects of infusing cold intravenous (IV) fluids containing very high partial pressures of dissolved oxygen (>760 mm Hg) in a porcine model.METHODSJuvenile swines were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated. Each animal received an infusion of cold (13 °C) Ringer’s lactate solution (30 mL/kg/hour), which had been supersaturated with dissolved oxygen gas (39.7 mg/L dissolved oxygen, 992 mm Hg, 30.5 mL/L). Arterial blood gases and physiologic measurements were repeated at 15-minute intervals during a 60-minute IV infusion of the supersaturated dissolved oxygen solution. Each animal served as its own control.RESULTSFive swines (12.9 ± 0.9 kg) were studied. Following the 60-minute infusion, there were significant increases in PaO2 and SaO2 (P < 0.05) and a significant decrease in PaCO2 (P < 0.05), with a corresponding normalization in arterial blood pH. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in core body temperature (P < 0.05) when compared to the baseline preinfusion state.CONCLUSIONSA cold, supersaturated dissolved oxygen solution may be intravenously administered to improve arterial blood oxygenation and ventilation parameters and induce a mild therapeutic hypothermia in a porcine model.
Proving Ground, MD 21 005-5069, USA 1.Introduction Thin film piezoelectric transducers, fabricated with PVDF or P(VDF-TrFE) may be embedded in material structure for identification of damages and control of mechahical stress [ 1-81: The piezoelectric behaviour of a transducer (ie sensor) is governed by the electrical and mechanical properties, via dielectric tensor, dielectric displacement, electric field, stress and strain tensors and the elastic stiffness tensor. These properties and their inter-relations may be expressed thus, T = cS -e T E and D = eS + EE where T and S are the stress and strain tensors respectively, D the dielectric displacement, E the electric field, e the piezoelectric tensor and e' is its transpose, c the elastic stiffness tensor at a constant electric field and E the dielectric tensor at a constant mechanical strain. A suitable mathematical model of the polymer behaviour as a fbnction of fiequency may provide a theoretical basis with which experimental results can be compared. The present work reports the development of a finite element method to determine theoretically the first resonance frequency of a P (VDF-TrFE) transducer.(1)(2) 2. Finite Element Method (FEM)The finite element method has been used in many engineering simulation problems to obtain approximate solutions of differential equations and it is particularly usefbl in the analysis of stress related problems. Its main advantage over other methods is in the modelling of complex geometries, such as diphasic semicrystalline polymers containing both the crystalline and amorphous phases. All structure in the real world are discrete and three dimensional. The basic principle in the finite element method is to divide a region in which the values of a variable parameter is required, into an assembly of elements which are interconnected at nodes. The magnitude of the variable at each element is exuressed by a set of linear algebraic equations instead of the partial differential equations. The sblution of these linear equations is a vector whose components are the values of the unknown variable at the nodal prints [9]. The number of equations becomes very large when the size of the elements is reduced in order to obtain a satisfactory approximation. With the knowledge of the nodal values of the variable it is then possible to evaluate the frequency response of the transducer. In the present work the solution of the system equations has been obtained using the Numerical Algorithm Group (NAG) finite element library routine.Id" International Symposium on Electrets, I999 0-7803-5025-1/99/$10.00 01999 IEEE
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