The introduction of improved seeded cultivars of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] has generated significant interest from the turfgrass industry. An important component of successfully establishing these new cultivars will be to develop effective weed control strategies for the critical establishment period. A field study and a greenhouse study were conducted to evaluate the tolerance of several seeded bermudagrasses to commonly used postemergence herbicides at different periods of establishment. In a field study, ‘Princess’ bermudagrass was seeded at a rate of 48 kg ha−1 during the early summer of 2000 and 2001. Postemergence herbicides were applied at either 1, 2, or 4 wk after emergence (WAE). Herbicide treatments included MSMA (monosodium salt of methylarsonic acid) at 1.12 kg ha−1, metsulfuron (2[[[[(4‐methoxy‐6‐methyl‐1,3,5‐triazin‐2yl] amino] carboxyl] amino] sulfonyl]‐2‐benzoic acid) at 0.021 kg ha−1, diclofop ((±)‐2‐[4‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy]propanoic acid) at 1.12 kg ha−1, clopyralid (3,6 dichloro‐2‐pyridinecarboxylic acid) at 0.56 kg ha−1, dicamba (3,6‐dichloro‐2‐methoxybenzoic acid) at 0.56 kg ha−1, 2,4‐D amine D [(2,4‐ dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid at 0.56 kg ha−1, and quinclorac (3, 7‐dichloro‐8‐quinolinecarboxylic acid) at 0.842 kg ha−1 Visual injury ratings were recorded at 3, 5, 7, 15, and 30 d after treatment (DAT) and percent turfgrass cover was recorded at 30 and 60 DAT. In the greenhouse study, the same herbicides and treatments were used with the cultivars Princess, Yukon, NuMex Sahara, Jackpot, and Mirage. In both the field and greenhouse studies, there was no clear effect of application timing on the tolerance of seedling bermudagrass to herbicides. Diclofop and metsulfuron caused the highest levels of injury in both years of the field study and in the greenhouse study. The other herbicides tested caused less injury. The bermudagrass recovered from all herbicide injury by 30 d after treatment. The results from this study indicate that seedling bermudagrass is relatively tolerant of many commonly used postemergence herbicides as soon as 1 WAE. These results will be useful to turfgrass managers who are considering use of improved cultivars in various turf situations.
Intensively used turf areas in the southern United States are commonly established to bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.C. dactylon × C. transvaalensis Burtt‐Davy), partly due to its good recuperative potential. However, little scientific data is available regarding recuperative differences among bermudagrass varieties. The objective of the following research was to quantify differences in injury recovery among the forty‐eight bermudagrass entries in the 2002 National Bermudagrass Test of the National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (NTEP). The trial was maintained under typical golf course fairway conditions and divot injury was simulated in 2003 and 2004. A digital image was collected of each divot on the day of injury and regularly thereafter until full recovery was reached. Divot images were analyzed for percent green turf cover using digital image analysis to quantify recovery percentages. Although divots recovered more quickly in 2004 than in 2003, differences among varieties remained relatively consistent across years. On average, seeded varieties reached 50% recovery one day faster than vegetatively propagated varieties. Among commercially available varieties, ‘La Paloma’ and ‘Yukon’ were fastest to recover while ‘Tifsport’ and ‘Ashmore’ were among the slowest to recover when averaged across years.
Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] is one of the most widely used turfgrasses in the southern region of the USA and is also grown extensively in other tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The development of improved seeded cultivars has stimulated new research into best management practices to produce a high quality bermudagrass stand from seed. Dormant seeding has been used for establishing cool‐season turfgrasses and may be beneficial for the early establishment of seeded bermudagrass cultivars. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of dormant seeding on the establishment of two seeded bermudagrass cultivars, Riviera and Princess 77. Two seeding rates [97.6 and 48.8 kg ha−1 pure live seed (PLS)] of each cultivar were seeded in February, March, April, and May of 2004 and 2005, with February and March considered dormant seeding dates. Date of first germination, seedling density, rate of establishment, and soil temperature data were collected for both years of the study. First germination of dormant‐seeded plots was observed on 22 Apr. 2004 and 11 Apr. 2005 when soil temperatures were 13.6 and 16.2°C, respectively. Princess 77 germinated earlier than Riviera in both years of the study. Seeding date, cultivar, and seeding rate affected seedling density. Dormant‐seeded plots reached full coverage as fast as or faster than traditional seeding dates in both years of the study, demonstrating that dormant seeding can be effectively used to establish bermudagrass from seed.
Lie is the position in which a golf ball comes to rest following a stroke. Although the lie of a golf ball is an important factor affecting the play of the next stroke, there have been few attempts to measure this characteristic or determine how management practices, turfgrass species, or cultivars affect ball lie. The objective of this study was to develop and demonstrate a new technique using digital image analysis for measuring ball lie in various turfgrasses. The technique uses a stage that positions a digital camera at the top of a mowed turfgrass canopy and collects an image of a golf ball positioned at the same focal length in each frame. The image was then subjected to digital image analysis to determine the percentage of the golf ball that was visible above the canopy. The new technique was calibrated by positioning a golf ball at a defined height above the soil and also compared with another published technique, called Lie‐N‐Eye, for accuracy and ease of use. The image analysis technique could distinguish changes in ball height within a turfgrass canopy. In addition, collecting data with the technique was easier and faster compared with the Lie‐N‐Eye, the only other method of ball lie analysis available. However, the two devices produced data that were highly correlated. Two cultivar trials of bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) and zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) were evaluated using the technique, and significant differences among cultivars in both species were demonstrated.
Although zoysiagrasses (Zoysia japonica Steud., Z. matrella (L.) Merr, and Z. tenuifolia Willd.) provide an excellent golf course fairway or tee surface, their use in areas of intense play may be limited because of their relatively slow recuperative potential. The objective of the following research was to identify zoysiagrass varieties with improved recuperative potential that may be adapted to such situations. Divot injury was simulated in 2003 and 2004 on 24 zoysiagrass varieties maintained under golf course fairway conditions. A digital image of each divot was collected on the day of injury and regularly thereafter until full recovery was reached. Divot images were analyzed for percent green turf cover using digital image analysis to quantify recovery percentages. In both years, ‘Crown,’ ‘Palisades,’ and ‘Zorro’ were among the fastest varieties to recover from injury. ‘El Toro’ had very rapid recovery in 2003, but not in 2004. ‘Meyer’ and ‘Emerald’ were consistently the slowest to recover from injury.
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