Judgments about others are often based on memory for information about the persons being judged. Three studies are reported that use decision time to determine what information subjects selectively recall when they make memorybased person judgments. Each study employed a sequential judgment paradigm in which a subject first made an impression judgment about a person on one dimension while stimulus information was continuously available. Immediately thereafter, the subject made a second judgment about the same person on a different dimension without the stimulus information being available. It was concluded that subjects' memory-based judgments were based on memory for their first impression judgments combined with a selective memory search for negative stimulus information.
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To understand how people communicate information about others and make memory-based interpersonal judgments, it is necessary to understand how person impressions become organized in memory. Consistent with recent research in cognitive psychology on thematic organization of information in memory, Experiments 1 and 2 found that subjects were able to recall (as well as recognize up to a week later) descriptive traits that were relevant, as opposed to irrelevant, to an initial impression judgment. Furthermore, they tended to use judgment-relevant characteristics when asked to freely describe the stimulus person. Subjects' memory for the initial impression judgment itself was excellent and not measurably affected by the relevance of the stimulus information upon which it had been based. A third experiment investigated two possible ways in which thematic organization of an impression might influence a subsequent memory-based judgment about a person. Consistent with other recent research, it was found that when making memory-based decisions, subjects relied on memory for an earlier thematic judgment rather than on memory for descriptive stimulus cues.A great deal of research in impression for-people make about each other are "memory mation has been directed toward studying based" rather than stimulus based. That is, how people integrate items of person informa-they are based on a sampling of thoughts from tion for the purpose of making a single, stim-a cognitive representation of the person that ulus-based judgment. "Stimulus based" is a perceiver has built up over time (years in used to refer to the fact that such judgments most cases) and stored in memory. To underare based on descriptive information provided stand the way in which people make memby the experimenter simultaneously with, or ory-based judgments, it is necessary to underimmediately prior to, the time the judgment stand how they organize person information is made.in memory and draw on that information in Two limitations to this research can be later social behavior, identified. Most day-to-day judgments that A second limitation of most previous work Portions of these experiments were reported at in impression formation is that attention has the annual meetings of the American Psychological been focused almost exclusively on the pro-Association, Chicago, September 191 s, and the Midcess of making judgments. Yet, a great deal western Psychological Association, Chicago, May , . . . . . 1976. The research was supported by National Science of interpersonal communication involves trans-Foundation Grant mitting facts rather than making judgments. Requests for reprints should be sent to John H. Peop i e share remembrances of others' actions,
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