The Argo profiling float project will enable, for the first time, continuous global observations of the temperature, salinity, and velocity of the upper ocean in near‐real time.This new capability will improve our understanding of the ocean's role in climate, as well as spawn an enormous range of valuable ocean applications. Because over 90% of the observed increase in heat content of the air/land/sea climate system over the past 50 years occurred in the ocean [Leuitus et al., 2001], Argo will effectively monitor the pulse of the global heat balance.The end of 2003 was marked by two significant events for Argo. In mid‐November 2003, over 200 scientists from 22 countries met at Argo's first science workshop to discuss early results from the floats. Two weeks later, Argo had 1000 profiling floats—one‐third of the target total—delivering data. As of 7 May that total was 1171.
The circulation of water masses in the northeastern North Atlantic Ocean has a strong influence on global climate owing to the northward transport of warm subtropical water to high latitudes. But the ocean circulation at depths below the reach of satellite observations is difficult to measure, and only recently have comprehensive, direct observations of whole ocean basins been possible. Here we present quantitative maps of the absolute velocities at two levels in the northeastern North Atlantic as obtained from acoustically tracked floats. We find that most of the mean flow transported northward by the Gulf Stream system at the thermocline level (about 600 m depth) remains within the subpolar region, and only relatively little enters the Rockall trough or the Nordic seas. Contrary to previous work, our data indicate that warm, saline water from the Mediterranean Sea reaches the high latitudes through a combination of narrow slope currents and mixing processes. At both depths under investigation, currents cross the Mid-Atlantic Ridge preferentially over deep gaps in the ridge, demonstrating that sea-floor topography can constrain even upper-ocean circulation patterns.
Passive and active acoustic measurements are effective and unique approaches to ocean observation. Both approaches have techniques that are well-established and suitable for immediate deployment as part of an operational observing system.Many of these techniques exploit the remarkable ability of lowfrequency sounds to traverse great distances in the ocean. Passive acoustic measurements of natural or man-made sounds are made for diverse purposes ranging from assessing the environmental impact of human activities, to geophysics, to monitoring changes in biodiversity in response to climate change. Active acoustic systems are employed for tracking instruments and acoustic tomography. Tomography has a role in the ocean observing system that is complementary to altimetry and profiling floats, particularly in the context of data assimilation and ocean modeling. Modest systems of acoustic receivers and sources deployed across ocean basins can make cost effective, sustained observations of a variety of ocean processes.
Marketers who pioneered advertising in which blacks and whites appear together in more or less socially intimate situations took a number of risks. This article reports a study of why advertisers use integrated advertisements and how some black consumers are reacting to these ads. The study has implications for message strategy and suggests directions for further research.
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