John foreman Brook Danielle lillehaUGen University of texas rio GranDe valley haverforD colleGe This paper describes the system of positional verbs (e.g., 'be standing' and 'be lying') in Colonial Valley Zapotec (CVZ), a historical form of Valley Zapotec preserved in archival documents written during the Mexican colonial period. We provide data showing that positional verbs in CVZ have unique morphological properties and participate in a defined set of syntactic constructions, showing that positional verbs formed a formal class of verbs in Valley Zapotec as early as the mid-1500s. This work contributes to the typological literature on positional verbs, demonstrating the type of morphosyntactic work that can be done with a corpus of CVZ texts, and contributes to our understanding of the structure and development of the modern Zapotec positional verb system with implications for the larger Zapotec locative system. [keyworDs: Zapotec, indigenous colonial writing, language and space, positional verbs] 1 We thank Keren Rice, David Beck, the IJAL associate editors, and the IJAL reviewers for their helpful suggestions. This work was originally presented at the First International Conference on Mesoamerican Linguistics. As always, we are indebted to our Zapotec language teachers and consultants, especially Felipe H. Lopez and Margarita Martínez, who provided the audio data accessible on the online version. We are grateful to the members of the UCLA Zapotexts research group, led by Pamela Munro and Kevin Terraciano, and the Seminario de zapoteco colonial at the UNAM in Mexico City, led by the late Thomas Smith Stark:
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.over 100 inhabitants perisliedin the ruins. The hamlets of San Eoque, Misericordia, and Santo Nino, with over 150 inhabitants, were completely covered with burning debris. At night-time the sight of the fire column, heaving up thousands of tons of stones, accompanied by noises like the booming of cannon afar off, was indescribably grand, but it was the greatest public calamity which had befallen the province for some years past.' " Hist, de Filipinas," by Dr. Gaspar de San Agustin, 2 vols. First part pub. in Madrid, 1698, the second part yet inedited and preserved in the archives of the Corporation of St. Augustine in Manila.2 P.P. of Taal from 1572 to 1575." In the same archives of the St. Augustine Corporation in Manila an eruption in 1641 is recorded, ' Legaspi and Guido Lavezares, under oath, made promises of rewards to the Lacandola family and a remission of tribute in perpetuity, but they were not fulfilled. In the following centuryyear 1660-it appears that the descendants of the Kajah Lacandola still upheld the Spanish authority, and having become sorely impoverished thereby, the heir of the family petitioned the Governor (Sabiuiauo Manrique de Lara) to make good the honour of his first predecessors. Eventually the Laoandolas were exempted from the payment of tribute and poll tax for ever, as recompense for the filching of their domains.In 1884, when the fiscal reforms were introduced which abolished the tribute and established in lieu thereof a document of personal identity (cesiula, pereonaZ), for which a tax was levied, the last vestige of privilege disappeared. Descendants of Lacandola are still to be met with in several villages near Manila. They do not seem to have materially profited by their transcendent ancestryone of them I found serving as a waiter in a French restaurant in the capital in 1886. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.A battle was fought, and the defeated Japanese set sail ; whilst the Spaniards remained to obtain the submission of the natives by force or by persuasion. Japanese had also come to Manila to trade, and were located in the neighbouring village of Dilao,' where the Franciscan Friars undertook their conversion to Christianity, whilst the Dominican order considered the spiritual care of the Chinese their especial charge.The Portuguese had been in possession of Macao since the year 1557, and traded with various Chinese ports, whilst in the Japanese town of Nagasaki there was a small colony of Portuguese merchants.These were the indirect sources whence the Emperor of Japan learnt that Europeans had founded a colony in Luzon Island, and in 1593 he sent a message to the Governor of the Philippines calling upon him to surrender and become his vassal, threatening invasion in the event of refusal.The Spanish colonies at that date were hardly in a position ■to treat with haughty scorn the menaces of the Japanese potentate, for they were simultaneously threatened with troubles with the Dutch in the Moluccas, for which they were preparing an armament (vide Chap. VI.). The want of m...
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