Humans are unable to synthesise L-ascorbic acid (L-AA, ascorbate, vitamin C), and are thus entirely dependent upon dietary sources to meet needs. In both plant and animal metabolism, the biological functions of L-ascorbic acid are centred around the antioxidant properties of this molecule. Considerable evidence has been accruing in the last two decades of the importance of L-AA in protecting not only the plant from oxidative stress, but also mammals from various chronic diseases that have their origins in oxidative stress. Evidence suggests that the plasma levels of L-AA in large sections of the population are sub-optimal for the health protective effects of this vitamin.Until quite recently, little focus has been given to improving the L-AA content of plant foods, either in terms of the amounts present in commercial crop varieties, or in minimising losses prior to ingestion. Further, while L-AA biosynthesis in animals was elucidated in the 1960s, 1 it is only very recently that a distinct biosynthetic route for plants has been proposed. 2 The characterisation of this new pathway will undoubtedly provide the necessary focus and impetus to enable fundamental questions on plant L-AA metabolism to be resolved.This review focuses on the role of L-AA in metabolism and the latest studies regarding its biosynthesis, tissue compartmentalisation, turnover and catabolism. These inter-relationships are considered in relation to the potential to improve the L-AA content of crops. Methodology for the reliable analysis of L-AA in plant foods is brie¯y reviewed. The concentrations found in common food sources and the effects of processing, or storage prior to consumption are discussed. Finally the factors that determine the bioavailability of L-AA and how it may be improved are considered, as well as the most important future research needs.

The application of high-power voltage-source converters (VSCs) to multiterminal dc networks is attracting research interest. The development of VSC-based dc networks is constrained by the lack of operational experience, the immaturity of appropriate protective devices and the lack of appropriate fault analysis techniques. VSCs are vulnerable to dc cable short-circuits and ground faults due to the high discharge current from the dclink capacitance. However, faults occurring along the interconnecting dc cables are most likely to threaten system operation. In this paper, cable faults in VSC-based dc networks are analyzed in detail with the identification and definition of the most serious stages of the fault that need to be avoided. A fault location method is proposed because this is a prerequisite for effective design of a fault protection scheme. It is demonstrated that it is relatively easy to evaluate the distance to a short-circuit fault using voltage reference comparison. For the more difficult challenge of locating ground faults, a method of estimating both the ground resistance and the distance to the fault is proposed by analyzing the initial stage of the fault transient. Analysis of the proposed method is provided and is based on simulation results, with a range of fault resistances, distances and operational conditions considered.

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The multi-terminal DC wind farm is a promising topology with a voltage source inverter (VSI) connection at the onshore grid. Voltage source converters (VSCs) are robust to AC side fault conditions. However, they are vulnerable to DC faults on the DC side of the converter. This paper analyses DC faults, their transients and the resulting protection issues. Overcurrent faults are analysed in detail and provide an insight into protection system design. The radial wind farm topology with star or string connection is considered. The outcomes may be applicable for VSCs in both the multi-VSC DC wind farm collection grid and VSC-based high voltage direct current (HVDC) offshore transmission systems. Index Terms-Voltage source converter (VSC), fault overcurrent, multi-terminal DC wind farm, wind power generation.

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Abstract-This paper proposes a new converter protection method, primarily based on a series dynamic resistor (SDR), that avoids the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) control being disabled by crowbar protection during fault conditions. A combined converter protection scheme based on the proposed series dynamic resistor and conventional crowbar is analysed and discussed. The main protection advantages are due to the series topology when compared with crowbar and DC-chopper protection. Various fault over-current conditions (both symmetrical and asymmetrical) are analysed and used to design the protection in detail, including the switching strategy and coordination with crowbar, and resistance value calculations. PSCAD/EMTDC simulation results show that the proposed method is advantageous for fault over-current protection, especially for asymmetrical faults, in which the traditional crowbar protection may malfunction.Index Terms-Series dynamic resistor (SDR), converter protection scheme, doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG), fault ride-through (FRT), wind power generation.

β‐lactoglobulin (BLG), a bovine milk protein that is available commercially in crystalline form, binds long chain free fatty acids (FFA). The binding data were analyzed with a model containing one primary FFA binding site and a large number of weak secondary binding sites. At 37C and pH 7.4, the apparent association constant for binding of FFA to the primary site was of the order of 105 M−1 and that for binding to the secondary sites was approximately 103 M−1. The strength of binding was: palmitate > stearate > oleate > laurate. The affinity of BLG for palmitate increased as the pH of the incubation medium was raised from 6.5 to 8.7 and decreased as the ionic strength of the medium was raised. Palmitate binding was decreased in the presence of 6 M urea and when the protein either was exposed to elevated temperature or was acetylated prior to incubation. BLG took up methyl palmitate, cetyl alcohol, hexadecane and cholesterol to a lesser extent than FFA. Binding of FFA to BLG was associated with a small increase in the intensity of the fluorescent emission of the protein at 333 mμ. BLG can serve as an FFA acceptor or carrier in biological experiments. FFA released from adipose tissue during in vitro incubation was taken up by BLG. Net transfer of fatty acid to the incubation medium ceased when the molar ratio of FFA to BLG exceeded 1.1.14C‐1‐Palmitate bound to BLG was taken up by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vitro. At a given palmitate‐protein molar ratio, much more labeled fatty acid was taken up by these cells from media containing BLG than from those containing bovine albumin, apparently because FFA is bound less firmly to BLG than to albumin.