a b s t r a c tThe present study contributes a cultural analysis to the literature on the persuasive effects of matching message frame to individuals' motivational orientations. One experiment examines how members of cultural groups that are likely to differ in their regulatory focus respond to health messages focusing on either the benefits of flossing or the costs of not flossing. White British participants, who had a stronger promotion focus, were more persuaded by the gain-framed message, whereas East-Asian participants, who had a stronger prevention focus, were more persuaded by the loss-framed message. This cultural difference in persuasion was mediated by an interaction between individuals' self-regulatory focus and type of health message. Thus health messages framed to be culturally congruent led participants to have more positive attitudes and stronger intentions to perform the health behaviors, and the interaction between self-regulatory focus and message frame emerged as the pathway through which the observed cultural difference occurs. Discussion focuses on the integration of individual difference, socio-cultural, and situational factors into models of health persuasion.

This article seeks to broaden the study of Euroscepticism by developing a basic system of analysis for investigating civil‐society‐based opposition to European integration. Existing studies of Euroscepticism have almost exclusively focused on examining political parties and, as a result, theoretical approaches to understanding opposition to European integration have been strongly influenced by the party‐based literature. By drawing from the body of work on both party‐based Euroscepticism and European civil society, this article formulates a series of hypotheses and applies them to the case studies of Ireland, the United Kingdom and Denmark. Its main conclusion is that civil‐society‐based Euroscepticism generally conforms to the hard/soft model of opposition to the EU, but that this Euroscepticism is drawn from a more mainstream societal base than its party equivalent. Additionally, this study argues that civil‐society‐based Euroscepticism can be interpreted as a form of grass‐roots civic engagement with the EU that mobilizes mainly around the salience of EU‐related referendums.

Ireland held a re-run of the Lisbon Treaty referendum on 2 October 2009. In response to the Treaty's rejection by referendum in June 2008 the government secured legal guarantees on: a commissioner for each member state, taxation, neutrality, social issues, and workers' rights. Despite the backdrop of a serious economic crisis, Ireland voted by 67.1% to 32.9% to pass the treaty, on the back of a 58% turnout. This represented a swing of 20% from the No to Yes side from the first Lisbon referendum. There were strong levels of public knowledge about and engagement in the Treaty, aided by substantive media engagement and an active referendum commission.

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The covalent binding of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) to acid extractable chromosomal proteins and the subsequent effect on histone 1-DNA interaction have been characterized in a model system by utilizing calf thymus nuclei as targets and rat liver microsomes as an exogenous source of enzymes for the metabolic activation of B[a]P. A two-step ion-exchange chromatography and desalting procedure was employed for removing noncovalently bound B[a]P and other contaminants. Fluorography of acetic acid-urea and Triton-acetic acid-urea-polyacrylamide gels indicated that H1 and H3 were the only principal histone targets in [3H]B[a]P-modified calf thymus nuclei. The validity of this assignment was confirmed by comparison of the chromatographic distributions of [3H]B[a]P cpm among peptides derived from the HClO4- soluble (H1) and HClO4-insoluble (core histones) protein fractions to the distributions obtained for authentic individual histone fractions. Comparison of amino acid compositions in individual peptide fractions which bound [3H]B[a]P differentially yielded some insight into the probable target amino acid residues for B[a]P binding. On the basis of electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels, it appeared as if B[a]P had bound to multiple subfractions of H1 and H3. The equivalent distribution of covalently attached [3H]B[a]P among the major peptides of H1 and H3 modified either in intact nuclei or while free in solution implied that the relative accessibility of major portions of the H1 and H3 molecules for covalent B[a]P binding is not affected by interactions with DNA or other chromosomal proteins. Covalent attachment of [3H]B[a]P to purified H1 reduced the affinity of this histone for DNA-cellulose.