Background: Policy makers seek to understand the trade-offs needed between economic growth and climate change. This provides the context to explore low-carbon development (LCD) pathways for the West African electricity system.
The study evaluated the capability of current thermal generation to backup variation generation from solar energy penetration into the Nigerian power grid from a system operation perspective using security constraint unit commitment model. This provides an empirical evidence of the impacts that can tip the balance towards a sustainable future low carbon electricity mix. Through 10 and 20% solar energy penetration scenarios, greenhouse reduction of 1975.70 and 3590.03 lb/day, respectively, can be achieved. However, daily peak-valley net demand difference to be supplied by the thermal plants will increase from 702.5 to 857.5 and 1607.5 MW, numbers of daily start-up will increase from 23 to 30 and 25, daily system spinning reserve will increase from 723 to 757 and 815 MW and daily idle hours of the thermal plants will increase from 52 to 71 and 72 h, in a 10 and 20% solar energy integrated system, respectively. The daily operational revenue of the thermal plants will also reduce by 5.5 and 7.9% in a 10 and 20% solar energy integrated system, respectively. These are useful data in developing policy framework for the future electricity market as the country diversify her energy source and mitigate greenhouse effect.
This paper is concerned with effects that are considered undesirable for women and children in household energy utilization. In Nigeria, household energy utilization is significant where it contributes 53% to total energy consumption with bio-energy inclusive. 85% of bio-energy contribution to final energy consumption goes to service energy needs. Technology mix for cooking in households includes firewood stoves (41%), charcoal stoves (1%), kerosene stoves (53%), Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) stoves (4.5%) and electric burners (0.5%).Literature review, survey and application of simulation technique were employed as methodology. For the simulation technique, factors considered include impact of technological interventions as well as structural shifts among economic sectors and sub-sectors. With technology intervention, the simulated results indicate that savings of 1.5 billion kg Ceq, and the avoided cost of about $0.11 million/tonne Ceq, can be achieved. Economic benefits may include reduced health-related expenditure, time savings from shorter time spent on fuel collection and cooking, and environmental impacts at local levels.
The study focused on Nigeria's polyurethane (PU) production process as a test case. Though it is currently insignificant when viewed from a global perspective, PU production in Nigeria is not eco‐friendly. Traditionally, PU is produced by reacting petro‐based polyol with a poly‐isocyanate, which is made from amines and phosgene and are currently imported into the country. These two materials are detrimental to the human health and environment, indicating that Nigeria's PU industries need to re‐examine their production inputs for environmental compliance. The objective of this study is to review the PU industry for nontoxic reagents that could be sourced locally vis‐à‐vis overcoming sustainable development (greening the economy) challenges in Nigeria. Non‐isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) is preferred to petro‐polyurethane because, in comparison, NIPU has improved thermal and chemical resistance, porosity and water absorption, and is less toxic. Engaging local resources to produce PU is economically feasible; in addition, NIPU is relatively advantageous to human health and the environment. Aside from being economically feasible, production of NIPU in Nigeria has the propensity to greatly enlarge the growth of the existing PU industry to tremendous heights and contribute to diversifying and improving the overall economy.
Science, technology, and innovation (STI) has become a significant factor in driving several sectors towards economic growth and development in many economies. There are several possibilities of usage for renewable energy resources in Nigeria which could be explored for solving electricity crisis especially in the growing urban centers where large population of Nigerians are moving into en masse. There is no doubt that technology capability plays a central role in the development of renewable energy. This chapter assessed the level of technology capability among the Nigerian university academia specializing in renewable energy-related disciplines. The results revealed that the level of renewable energy R&D funding is insufficient and poor university-industry interaction also abounds. Thus, there is a colossal gap between the existing and the required technology innovation capabilities. This study makes some suggestions which could be used by the policymakers to salvage the present situations in the country so as to improve the electricity generation in meeting the needs of the growing urbanization.
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