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Using data from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, this paper examines the inflation-adjusted cost per student between 1989 and 1998 for a sample of four-year public colleges and universities. On average, per-student expenditures grew faster than inflation over the period; but expenditures on public service, academic support, student services, institutional support, and unrestricted scholarships grew faster than instruction for most institutions. The paper also found that the growth rate in adjusted total expenditures per student was caused by (in order of importance) an increase in average faculty salaries, an increase in non-instructional expenditures, and an increase in instructional expenditures other than the salaries of full-time faculty.

This study provides an evidence-based link between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and adult financial wellbeing. Drawing on a comprehensive financial wellbeing framework that was developed by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, we analyze data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a survey designed primarily to measure health behaviors and outcomes, but which also asks about financial wellbeing aspects such as food and housing security. We use ordered probit analysis to investigate how respondents' self-reported levels of food security and housing security are influenced by demographics that include remembered ACEs and find that, at various income levels, financial stress in adulthood is related to childhood trauma. This interdisciplinary approach to studying financial outcomes extends work in public health and psychology that establishes a link between ACEs and adult physical and mental health measures. The finding is timely as policy makers craft responses to global public health, financial, and other shocks. Recognizing this link between ACEs and adult financial wellbeing provides additional evidence that educators, therapists, social workers, and other professionals should collaborate and develop integrated practices to prevent or reduce ACEs and promote resilience.

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