Background Sepsis is a major contributor to neonatal mortality, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). WHO advocates ampicillin-gentamicin as first-line therapy for the management of neonatal sepsis. In the BARNARDS observational cohort study of neonatal sepsis and antimicrobial resistance in LMICs, common sepsis pathogens were characterised via whole genome sequencing (WGS) and antimicrobial resistance profiles. In this substudy of BARNARDS, we aimed to assess the use and efficacy of empirical antibiotic therapies commonly used in LMICs for neonatal sepsis.Methods In BARNARDS, consenting mother-neonates aged 0-60 days dyads were enrolled on delivery or neonatal presentation with suspected sepsis at 12 BARNARDS clinical sites in

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‘NE01643’ (Reg. No. CV‐1020, PI 647959) hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was developed cooperatively by the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station and the USDA‐ARS and released in 2007 by the developing institutions and the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. NE01643, the legal name for this cultivar, will be marketed under the name Husker Genetics Brand Overland in honor of the pioneers who crossed and stayed in the northern prairies. In addition to researchers at the releasing institutions, USDA‐ARS researchers at Manhattan, KS, and St. Paul, MN, participated in the development of NE01643. NE01643 was selected from the cross ‘Millennium’ (PI 613099) sib/ND8974 that was made in 1995. The pedigree of ND8974 is ‘Seward’ (PI 508289)/‘Archer’. Archer was developed by AgriPro Seeds Inc. and has the pedigree: ‘Sonora 64’ (CI 13930)/‘Trapper’ (CI 13999)/2/‘Warrior’ (CI13190)/3/‘Centurk’ (CI 15075). NE01643 was selected as an F3:4 line (F3‐derived line in the F4 generation) in 1999, and in 2001 was assigned experimental line number NE01643. NE01643 was released because of its superior grain‐yield performance under non‐irrigated production in Nebraska, South Dakota, and adjacent states.

Thirteen hard red winter wheat cultivars were evaluated for their ability to suppress summer annual weeds in grain production systems near North Platte, NE, from 1993 through 1997. ‘Turkey’, a 125-yr-old landrace selection, suppressed both broadleaf and grass weeds more than other cultivars. Some relatively new cultivars, such as ‘Arapahoe’, ‘Jules’, ‘Pronghorn’, and ‘Vista’ suppressed summer annual grasses almost as well as Turkey. Total weed density was negatively correlated with number of winter wheat stems/m2, mature winter wheat height, and lodging. Weed density after wheat harvest was positively correlated with delay in winter wheat seeding date and was negatively correlated with precipitation 0 to 30 d after winter wheat seeding, during tillering, tillering to boot stage, and heading to maturity stage. Mean air temperature 0 to 30 d after wheat seeding was positively correlated with weed density. In the spring, weed density was positively correlated with temperatures during the tillering stage, tillering to boot stage, and heading to maturity stage. Stinkgrass and witchgrass densities were positively correlated with severity of wheat leaf rust. The highest grain-producing cultivars included three medium height cultivars ‘Alliance’, Arapahoe, and ‘Niobrara’. Alliance wheat produced 53% more grain than Turkey, and the other two produced 43% more grain.

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