Published studies indicate a trend toward less invasive management during active inflammation and infection and regarding definite therapy. Remaining questions are presented to foster an evidence-based approach to this disease. Ideally, future randomized, controlled trials will provide data to improve the therapy and outcome of AST.
Although obesity has been associated with increased thyroid cancer incidence, a higher BMI was found not to be associated with more aggressive tumor features or a greater likelihood of recurrence or persistence over the analyzed time period.
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway is an important regulator of many cellular events, including apoptosis, proliferation, and motility. Enhanced activation of this pathway can occur through several mechanisms, such as inactivation of its negative regulator, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) and activating mutations and gene amplification of the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of PI3K (PIK3CA). These genetic abnormalities have been particularly associated with follicular thyroid neoplasia and anaplastic thyroid cancer, suggesting an important role for PI3K signaling in these disorders. In this review, the role of PI3K pathway activation in thyroid cancer will be discussed, with a focus on recent advances.
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