Zarys treści. Opracowanie zawiera analizę sezonowości odpływu w 12 zlewniach karpackich. Do badań wykorzystano szeregi dobowych przepływów z lat 1951-2010. Dla badanych przekrojów wodowskazowych obliczono: indeks sezonowości odpływu (IS), wskaźniki: pory koncentracji odpływu (WPK) i koncentracji odpływu (GMO) oraz terminu połowy odpływu (TPO), a także współczynniki ich zmienności wieloletniej i korelacji wzajemnej. Analiza pozwoliła wykryć szereg prawidłowości w ich rozkładzie przestrzennym i dynamice wieloletniej oraz zidentyfikować powiązania między nimi. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika również, że w polskiej części Karpat nie nastąpiła trwała zmiana sezonowej struktury odpływu rocznego. Dostrzeżone trendy są nieistotne, a obserwowana w wieloleciu zmienność sezonowości ma charakter losowych fluktuacji.Słowa kluczowe: sezonowość, odpływ rzeczny, Karpaty. Założenia i uwagi wstępneKarpaty to obszar o największej w Polsce dynamice procesów hydrologicznych. Jednocześnie wielkość odpływu całkowitego jest tu bardzo zróżnicowana, co wynika ze zmiennej przestrzennie hipsometrii terenu (wpływającej na opady i zdolność do formowania odpływu powierzchniowego i podziemnego) oraz różnic retencyjności wywołanych zróżnicowaną budową geologiczną i tektoniką obszaru. Najwyższe średnie odpływy w Karpatach notowano w zlewniach tatrzańskich (>50 dm Soja, 2002). Najmniej zasobne w wodę są zlewnie Wisłoki i Wisłoka, co wynika z relatywnie niskich opadów i małej zdolności retencyjnej budujących je ogniw fl iszu. Na wschód i na zachód od tego obszaru zasobność wodna rzek karpackich rośnie -na wschodzie z powodu wzrostu zasobów wodnych występujących tam zbiorników wód podziemnych i zmian reżimu rzecznego, a na zachodzie ze względu na podwyższone opady i wzrost retencyjno-

A retrospective study of pathologically confirmed cases of feline spinal lymphosarcoma (FSL) admitted to the Collages of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Georgia and North Carolina State University from 1 9 7 3 to 1988 was conducted. Two hundred fourteen cases of feline lymphosarcoma were diagnosed histopathologically; involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) was identified in 26 (1 2.1 %). Twenty-three of these tumors involved the spinal cord, and 22 of the 23 were solitary. A predilection for the thoracic and lumbar vertebral canal was noted. Most cats with spinal disease were young, with mean and median ages of 43 and 24 months, respectively; 6 7 cats ymphosarcoma (LSA) is the most common feline neo-

Neuromuscular signs in association with hypothyroidism are described in 29 dogs. Eleven dogs had lower motor neuron signs, 9 had peripheral vestibular deficits, 4 had megaesophagus, and 5 had laryngeal paralysis. Primarily older (mean = 9.5 years), large-breed dogs were affected, and there was no sex or breed predisposition. Duration of clinical signs before presentation ranged from 2 to 8 weeks (mean = 5 weeks). The diagnosis was based on (1) results of neurological examination (29 dogs); (2) electromyographic abnormalities (1 8 dogs), including fibrillation potentials (n = 18). positive sharp waves (n = 15). and complex repetitive discharges (n = 4); (3) high serum cholesterol concentration (1 0 dogs: mean = 335 mg/dL); (4) low response to thyroid-stimulating hormone (29 dogs; mean T4 prestimulation concentration = 0.8 ag/dL; mean T4 poststimulation = 1.2 pg/dL); and (5) good response to thyroxine supplementation (26 dogs). Dogs with vestibular deficits had abnormal brainstem auditory-evoked responses (BAER), including increased latencies of P, -P6 and decreased amplitude of P4,5-N5. Seven other dogs had similar BAER abnormalities without manifesting clinical rimary hypothyroidism'-' is a relatively common endo-

Abstract— A slowly progressive subluxation of the atlanto‐axial articulation has been seen in ten dogs of various small breeds. Lateral radiographs show the obvious vertebral displacement and clearly confirm the diagnosis. Surgical repair has been accomplished by wiring the atlas to the axis in the last three dogs. Résumé— Une subluxation progressive, lente de l'articulation atlantoaxiale a été trouvée dans 10 chiens de races variées, tous de type “petit‐chien”. Des radiographies latérales montrent un déplace‐ment vertébral évident et confirment clairement le diagnostique. L'intervention chirurgicale a été accomplice par fixation par fils métalliques de l'atlas à l'axis, chez les 3 derniers chiens. Zusanunenfassnng—Eine langsam fortschreitende Subluxation des Atlas‐Epistropheus‐ Gelenkes wurde bei 10 kleinrassigen Hunden beobachtet. Seitliche Röntgenaufnahmen zeigen die offen‐sichtliche vertebrale Verlagerung und bestätigen einwandfrei die Diagnosis. Chirurgische Behand‐lung bei den letzten drei Hunden war erfolgreich, indem der Atlas mit Draht in der richtigen Stellung an den Epistropheus befestigt wurde.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of age and recovery duration on performance during multiple treadmill sprints. Twelve boys (11.7 +/- 0.5 y) and thirteen men (22.1 +/- 2.9 y) performed ten consecutive 10-s sprints on a non-motorised treadmill separated by 15-s (R15) and 180-s (R180) passive recovery intervals. Mean power output (MPO), mean force output (MFO), running velocity, step length, and step rate were calculated for each sprint. Capillary blood samples were drawn from the fingertip at rest and 3 min after the tenth sprint to measure the lactate accumulation (Delta [La]). With R15, all mechanical parameters decreased significantly less in the boys than in the men over the ten sprints (MPO: - 28.9 vs. - 47.0 %, MFO: - 13.1 vs. - 25.6 %, running velocity: - 18.8 vs. - 29.4 %, p < 0.001, respectively). With R180, all mechanical values remained unchanged in the boys. In the men, MPO and MFO significantly decreased over the ten sprints (- 7.8 % and - 4.6 %, p < 0.05, respectively). The running velocity, however, did not decrease because the decrease in step rate (p < 0.001) was compensated by an increase in step length. For either recovery interval, Delta [La] values were higher in the men compared to the boys (R15: 12.7 vs. 7.7 mmol . L (-1), p < 0.001, R180: 10.7 vs. 7.7 mmol . L (-1), p < 0.05). To conclude, the boys maintained more easily their running performance than the men during repeated treadmill sprints with R15. Three-minute recovery periods were sufficient in the boys to repeat short running sprints without substantial fatigue. Despite the decrease in power and force outputs with R180, the young men were able to maintain their running velocity during the test.

Fluoroscopically guided percutaneous fine-needle aspiration of the intervertebral disk space was performed in 10 dogs with diskospondylitis. Positive bacterial cultures were obtained from 9 of 12 aspirated disk spaces, 1 of 6 blood cultures, and 6 of 10 urine cultures. Positive disk cultures were obtained from 2 dogs with negative blood and urine cultures and from 2 additional dogs with low numbers of Staphylolinical diagnosis of diskospondylitis is commonly based C on the combination of radiographic evidence of disease and positive blood and urine cultures or serologic evidence for infection with B. canis. In previous studies, Sruphylococcus was commonly cultured,'.' and as a consequence, many dogs with negative blood or urine cultures are treated empirically with antibiotics with a spectrum against Stuphyl o c~c c u s .~.~ Culture of surgically obtained tissue is the most sensitive procedure for demonstration of infectious organisms in cases of diskospondylitis' but has the disadvantage of being invasive. Percutaneous aspiration of the intervertebra1 disk space has been recommended as an alternative techniq~ie.~.~ No data are available, however, to assess the consistency with which positive cultures can be obtained from percutaneous fine-needle aspirates of the intervertebral disk in dogs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate retrospectively results of percutaneous disk aspiration for bacterial culture in dogs with diskospondylitis. Material and MethodsA retrospective evaluation of medical records from 1989 to 1994 identified 10 dogs with diskospondylitis in which the intervertebral disk was aspirated percutaneously and cultured. Twelve disk aspirates were available for evaluation because 3 disks had been aspirated in 1 dog at various times.In all dogs, disk material for culture was obtained by fluoroscopically guided percutaneous fine-needle aspiration of the intervertebral disk space. The procedure required general anesthesia and strict sterile preparation of the skin overlying the disk space to be aspirated. Dogs were positioned in right lateral recumbency. The cervical and cranial lumbar disks were aspirated from the left side using 22-gauge, 1.5-or 2.5-inch spinal needles. The L6-L7 and L7-S 1 disks were aspirated from a dorsal approach similar to that used for diskography.'~' Correct positioning of the needle tip within the center of the intervertebral disk space was guided by left lateral fluoroscopic views for lateral disk aspiration and by dorsal fluoroscopic views for dorsal aspiration. A volume of 0.3 to 0.5 mL of sterile, preservative-free physiologic saline was injected and immediately aspirated. (Fischer, Oliver) Saline injection and reaspiration were repeated once or twice after repositioning the needle tip if the initial approach yielded no material. The time from collection to inoculation of culture broth and 5% sheep blood agar plates at the bacteriology laboratory was less than 15 minutes. Inoculated plates were cultured aerobically and inconsistently under anaerobic conditions. A slide...

Occipitoatlantoaxial malformation and atlantoaxial subluxation was diagnosed in a three‐year‐old castrated male domestic shorthair cat. Clinical signs included ataxia, postural reaction deficits, abnormal spinal reflexes, and behaviour changes. Radiographic examination revealed malformation and hypoplasia of the occipital condyles, hypoplasia of the dens, and atlantoaxial subluxation. Electroencephalographic (EEG) findings included high voltage slow activity and sharp waves with superimposed low voltage fast activity in the occipital leads and sinusoidal beta waves in the frontal leads. Basilar artery compression as a result of atlantoaxial instability is suspected to have caused the behavioural changes and EEG abnormalities in this patient. The cat was treated by stabilisation of the atlantoaxial subluxation by ventral cross pin fixation, odontectomy, and arthrodesis of the atlantoaxial articulation. The patient responded well to treatment and was neurologically normal 18 months after surgery.

Abstract. A syndrome resembling previously described feline hereditary neuroaxonal dystrophy (FHND) was diagnosed in a litter of cats. The disorder was characterized by a sudden onset of hind limb ataxia that slowly progressed to hind limb paresis and paralysis. The cats were between 6 and 9 months old when clinical signs were first noted. Histologically, there was marked ballooning of axonal processes, with spheroid formation and vacuolation in specific regions of the brain and spinal cord. Some dystrophic axons contained a central periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive core. Neuronal loss and gliosis were seen in certain brain stem nuclei, spinal cord nuclei, and the cerebellum. Ultrastructurally, there was hypomyelination and dysmyelination of affected axons. The PAS-positive core in dystrophic axons corresponded ultrastructurally with accumulations of electrondense, flocculent, amorphous material. In addition, these axons contained membrane-bound osmiophilic bodies and large nonmembrane-bound vacuoles. The syndrome in this report differs from the previously described FHND in that no inner ear involvement was seen and onset of clinical signs occurred at a later age. In addition, although some of the affected cats did have diluted coat colors, abnormal coat color was not always associated with clinical disease. This disease is similar to juvenile neuroaxonal dystrophy in children and to neuroaxonal dystrophies described in horses, dogs, cattle, and sheep.