The authors examined jurors' perceptions of child victims who testified in court and adult witnesses who repeated children's hearsay statements. Data were collected from criminal courts in 2 major U.S. cities (42 juries and 248 jurors). After deliberating in child sexual abuse trials, jurors completed a detailed questionnaire concerning their perceptions of the main child victim involved in the case and the adult who spoke with the child prior to trial about abuse and who testified about what the child disclosed (the adult-hearsay witness). In all trials, a child victim and adult-hearsay witness testified. Results are discussed in relation to trial outcome, child credibility, and adult-hearsay witness credibility. Implications for use of hearsay evidence in child abuse cases are also addressed.
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Child abuse and neglect are serious social problems. Preventing maltreatment from occurring and, when prevention fails, intervening to protect children, are vital concerns for policy makers, the public, and professionals in social work, mental health, medicine, nursing, law enforcement, and law. Millions of dollars are spent on the child protection system. Yet, maltreatment continues. To appreciate the strengths and weaknesses of today's child protection system, it is important to understand the historical development of child protection. Part I traces the history of child protection in America from colonial times to the present. With the history in place, Part II begins with an analysis of the numerous causes of child abuse and neglect. Once the causes of maltreatment are revealed, the discussion shifts to roadblocks to reducing maltreatment. Despite roadblocks, progress is possible, and Part II outlines broad strategies for reducing the amount of maltreatment. The book ends with specific recommendations to improve the child protection system, including proposals to strengthen foster care and reform the juvenile court.
The effects of liquid superheat and surface roughness on boiling coefficients were investigated in a series of experiments in which water, acetone, n-hexane, carbon tetrachloride, and carbon disulfide were boiled on a flat plate. In addition to the usual thermal measurements, the number of active boiling centers was determined, whenever possible, by visual means, and a quantitative measure of surface roughness was made. It was found that the number of active boiling centers on the plate increased with increasing surface roughness and that the calculated boiling coefficients were proportional to the one-third power of the number of bubble columns rising from the heated surface.An equation has been derived relating boiling coefficients to fluid properties and the number of active boiling centers on a surface. A second equation, based on the theory of thermal fluctuations, has been proposed to relate the number of active boiling centers to the independent variables of surface-roughness and temperature-difference driving force. The limited data available have been found to follow this proposed relation. The results of this work suggest a quantitative method of relating the boiling coefficient to the character of the surface which may explain the discrepancies observed in the slopes of boiling curves reported in the literature and in the actual values reported for the boiling coefficients measured on different surfaces.
H. M. Kurihara is with
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