Graphical AbstractHighlights d A descending neuron, aSP22, controls multiple actions in Drosophila male courtship d aSP22 activation triggers these actions in the same sequence as found in courtship d The courtship actions are sequenced by a ramp-to-threshold mechanism d Distinct action thresholds are best explained by spike count, not spike frequency SUMMARY Goal-directed animal behaviors are typically composed of sequences of motor actions whose order and timing are critical for a successful outcome. Although numerous theoretical models for sequential action generation have been proposed, few have been supported by the identification of control neurons sufficient to elicit a sequence.Here, we identify a pair of descending neurons that coordinate a stereotyped sequence of engagement actions during Drosophila melanogaster male courtship behavior. These actions are initiated sequentially but persist cumulatively, a feature not explained by existing models of sequential behaviors. We find evidence consistent with a ramp-to-threshold mechanism, in which increasing neuronal activity elicits each action independently at successively higher activity thresholds.

This study attempted to determine the effects of family and social support on the self-esteem, self-efficacy, and job search self-efficacy of the unemployed. A total of 117 surveys were collected in Nevada, Idaho, and Oregon measuring self-esteem, general self-efficacy, and job search self-efficacy and social support. Pearson correlation coefficients demonstrated moderately strong positive relationships between social support and self-esteem, general self-efficacy, and job search self-efficacy. Social and family support had a stronger influence on the self-perceptions of men than women.

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