This exploratory study in Pierce County, Washington, compared emotional and behavioral problems of 13-to 18-year-old incarcerated female first-time offenders (n = 38) and recidivists (n = 78) using the Massachusetts Youth Screening Inventory, Version Two (MAYSI-2) and demographic data. The study found that adolescent female recidivists had more emotional and behavioral problems, more unstable lifestyles, and less stable family situations.T his study compared the frequency of emotional and behavioral problems of incarcerated 13-to 18-year-old female first-time offenders and recidivists using Massachusetts Youth Screening Inventory, Version Two (MAYSI-2) and demographic data. The team postulated that the frequency of emotional and behavioral problems would be commensurate with Cauffman's (2004) findings and higher in recidivists than first-time offenders.Using MAYSI-2 to explore the frequency of emotional and behavioral problems in incarcerated youths, Cauffman (2004) found that there was a high prevalence of mental health problems among youths in the juvenile system. As the awareness of this high prevalence has grown, researchers have recognized the need for accurate assessment of incarcerated youths to ensure that limited treatment resources can be used with those in the greatest need. In addition, she also found that regardless of race or age girls presented with more mental health symptoms than boys. Cauffman further stated that numerous studies have attempted to estimate the prevalence of mental disorders among juveniles in the justice system and that the majority of research on mental health needs of juvenile offenders has been done with male samples. As a result, she did not believe that the results would necessarily generalize to female offenders. This was problematic in that Cauffman noted that female offenders were rapidly becoming more of a percentage of juvenile offenders.
The Constitution of the United States as amended provides that “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” These words are plain. Everybody understands them. They mean, and every one knows that they mean, that, from the constitutional point of view, one question relative to the suffrage is no longer open. That question is the very one about which I am asked to write. From the political point of view, from the historical point of view, from the social point of view, from the economic point of view, and from the ethical point of view, there is much to be said about negro suffrage. For centuries yet to come there may be much to be said. From the constitutional point of view, accurately defined, there has been nothing to say since March 30, 1870. On that day the Secretary of State of the United States proclaimed that the Fifteenth Amendment had been ratified by the legislatures of twenty-nine out of the then thirty-seven States. The apparent assent of a number of these legislatures, perhaps, had not been a real assent. It might have been given under duress. Still, it had been given. The men who assumed to be the legislatures of other of these States may have had little moral and a very doubtful legal right to speak for them.
Commercial gravel working in the Devil's Wood Pit, Sproughton, situated in the flood plain of the River Gipping, has produced as chance finds two barbed points of bone and antler. Both came from the sand and gravel deposits which fill the buried channel of the Gipping. The points are discussed in relation to other barbed points found in England, particularly those which have associations which allow their dates to be assessed. Radiocarbon dates from organic material within the sands and gravels suggest that the barbed points were deposited during the latter part of pollen Zone III and the early part of Zone IV. A long blade industry has been recorded from the surface of the sands and gravels, and reference is given to further details of this industry.
The Canton Trough is an extremely deep linear feature flanked by large en echelon ridges. This system, located in the equatorial Central Pacific Basin, can be traced ENE from the Phoenix Islands for a distance of more than 500 km. The surrounding topography is lineated parallel to the ridge‐trough‐ridge system and probably originated by block faulting. A similar mode of formation is inferred for the main trough itself, the implication being that the vertical displacement may exceed 3000 m in some localities. This interpretation is reinforced by the occurrence near the base of the trough of an unusually diverse assemblage of igneous rocks, including normal oceanic tholeiitic basalts, coarse‐grained diabases, anorthositic gabbros, pegmatitic gabbros, and cumulate gabbros. Simple vertical displacements of crustal blocks also could produce the major components of the observed gravity anomaly signatures as well as explain the necessity in the gravity models for a crustal root beneath the Canton Trough. Sediments within the Canton Trough region are predominately radiolarian oozes and calcareous turbidites, which correlate with transparent layers and highly stratified units observed on reflection profiler records. Magnetic studies of the region reveal 650‐γ residual anomalies, which are at least partly produced by the great topographic relief of the ridge‐trough‐ridge zone. However, the anomalies appear to obliquely cross the structural fabric and extend beyond the bathymetrie terminus of the trough and ridges. This configuration indicates that some components of the magnetic signatures are generated by another mechanism. Although there is some evidence that the Canton Trough and its surrounding structures represent an extension of the Clipperton Fracture Zone into the Central Pacific Basin, the absence of structural continuity, the lack of regional depth changes, and the limitations imposed by the regional tectonic patterns argue against this hypothesis. It is possible that the Canton Trough zone was created by an abrupt change from the Phoenix spreading direction to that inferred across the Manihiki Plateaus.
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