Artificial discrepancy was created between information about azimuth coming from different sense modalities. The resolution of this discrepancy was examined for the cases of vision and proprioception, proprioception and audition, and vision and audition. Vision biases proprioceptive and auditory judgments. Proprioception biases auditory judgments and has a small effect on visual judgments. The results suggest that the combinations of sense modalities do not behave as an integrated system and the data are interpreted as indicating that different processes are involved in the resolution of discrepant directional information from different pairs of modalities.There has been considerable recent interest in the interactions of the various sense modalities. One technique that has been especially exploited is the creation of an artificial discrepancy between the information originating from one stimulus object but entering the organism via two modalities. Attention has been focused both on the initial reaction to the discrepancy (Is the information from one modality dominant over the other?) and on the subsequent adjustment to the discrepancy (Can one modality be said to accommodate to the other?). In much of the research the two modalities have been vision and proprioception and the discrepancy has involved visual distortion of a variety of stimulus dimensions, e.g., size (Rock & Victor, 1964), inclination (Klein, 1966), and spatial direction or azimuth (Hay, Pick, & Ikeda, 1965).The present study is an investigation of the initial reaction to a discrepancy between sense modalities in information about spatial direction. It ex tends to other pairs of sense modalities, our earlier work that included only vision and proprioception. The purpose of the presen t study was first to determine how the discrepancy of information coming from two sense modalities was resolved. For example, are there different degrees of bias or dominance that information coming from one modality has on different other modalities? Secondly, its purpose was to determine if a number of sense modalities functioned as a system. Specifically, would it be possible to predict the interaction of two modalities, knowing how each interacted with a third? Spatial direction was chosen as the contextual problem for this investigation since directional information is obtainable with relatively high precision via the three modalities of vision, proprioception, and audition.The basic design of the present study was a straightforward replication of one previous experiment that involved a discrepancy in azimuth between vision and proprioception (Hay, Pick, & Ikeda, 1965). In the presen t study there were three experiments that included a discrepancy between proprioception and audition, and between vision and audition, as well as the original discrepancy between vision and proprioception. In the original study Ss were asked to view their own finger (held passively on a shelf) through a prism that optically displaced its lateral position approximately 11 deg. The ...

Methods for analyzing nanoindentation load-displacement data to determine hardness and elastic modulus are based on analytical solutions for the indentation of an elastic half-space by rigid axisymmetric indenters. Careful examination of Sneddon's solution for indentation by a rigid cone reveals several largely ignored features that have important implications for nanoindentation property measurement. Finite element and analytical results are presented that show corrections to Sneddon's equations are needed if accurate results are to be obtained. Without the corrections, the equations underestimate the load and contact stiffness in a manner that leads to errors in the measured hardness and modulus, with the magnitudes of the errors depending on the angle of the indenter and Poisson's ratio of the half-space. First order corrections are derived, and general implications for the interpretation of nanoindentation data are discussed.

A study of the immediate effects (rather than the after

The effects of long-term optical displacement of the visual stimulus were measured in a wide variety of sensory coordinations. The pattern of changes observed indicated that a transient adaptation in the proprioceptive system is succeeded by a stable adaptation in the visual system. It was found that viewing the whole body during optical displacement, rather than just a part of it, serves to induce the visual adaptation.

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